DO NOT REMOVE CARDS FROM POCKET ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE‘ INDIANA 46802 v'nu may return this book to any agency branch, 0! nonkmobile GI the Allen County PubIIC Library. ax: - 7‘11 4- *r 1' «any. hyquv . I. ‘.—_—-I-.I.II_-- BEIJEV. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF oroncngING "' ' ‘l ‘ w PUBLIC unm Ill!“ Eggfiflui. INDIANA Pv , c 1mm ‘ .m- publhhcd b} <5 p Pume’: 5m thmwcsu byOluel Burrld ‘k ('0 Lm. ('mley \ 2W) Madlwn Menu: Ne“ mm, \m York main Produced b) Colounm Limiled to: aim. Beaks _ . under the direcuon or Palm Whuehouse Comrlghl (- ma h} Emu) mum meL-a . .-\]1nghu m \cd Hm bank. or pan: m cm. n14) Designer: Roy Wuliams mu he rcpmdu a in am form \ulhnul psrmh‘uon Pubmhcd Hmulmnenusl} m mm; b) ‘\C.\dk‘mic Producsd h) mm Buck» L 4 L'romu London SW7 Lxhrun quuunn ‘Julog Cm! Number " CONTENTS !- g L THE HISTORY OF . MOTORCYCLING/ 6 A-Z/44 MECHANICS AND CUSTOMIZING/158 GLOSSARY/180 21:35:22: THE HISTORY OF o ;,x, ‘ .. moroncva. The first motorcycle was made in 1885 and more two-wheeled powered machines are being sold now than at any time in the years since they have been with us. There are about 30 million machines in use if we include mopeds with motorcycles. and nearly eight million are made worldwide each year. Statistics are boring but they do bring home the message that the motorcycle is enjoying the biggest boom in its history. Why? There is no shon and simple answer. Initially the two- wheelcr offered all the personal freedom of individual transport at a much lower cost than the car. and the motorcycle was used by the man who could not afford a car. Then as living standards rose and the motorcar ceased to be the rich man‘s toy. the sale of tw0< wheelers declined. Vehicles like the Austin Seven in England. the Model T Ford in the United States. and similar machines in other countries ofi‘ered reliable and cheap transport out ofthe rain and the wind. The motorcycle was used by what used to be called the working man, or the rabid enthusiast who refused to shut himself up in a mobile glasshouse. Now the picture has changed completely and the motorc, list is the person who chooses to ride on two wheels rather than being forced into it by lack of money. The cutpricc transport side is taken care of by the moped with its impressive fuel economy of 150—200 miles to the gallon. while the real enthusiast may pay more for his machine than the family man does for his small car. The superbikes ofier the performance Ufa Ferrari at about one- tenth ofthe cost, but the rider cannot be categorized as he is drawn from all income brackets and all classes of society. Although there were early examples oftwim and four-cylinder machines it was the single-cylinder or one-lunger which reigned for about 30 years outside the United States. where. after World War I. only two big-selling makes survived, the Indian and Harley- Davtdson. both tvnns. Then the Indian died. although the name lives on in a small-engined machine. and Harley diversified into bikes of all sizes. although today the company produces nothing undcr lOOOcc. There have been more than 2500 different makes ofmotorcycle down the years. but about 20 names dominated the scene for most ot‘the time. For the period between the two world wars the English machine was paramount. and the illustrious name of Norton was on top in racing for something like 30 years. Politics played its part In their decline and virtual disappearance. and innate con- servattt'ism dealt the coup :19 gm“). In recent years the Japanese have taken oVer with multi-cylinder machines and now make tnore than half the world‘s production. Partly because of the special clothing needed to keep out the wind and the cold. the motorcyclist has always had the image ofa masculine. sporting figure tn the Superman mold. Once upon a time the car driver also needed his leather coat and gauntlets. but the sedan saloon car with ftxcd roof and glass windows. heater and other conveniences no longer made it necessary for the driver to be a sportsman pitting his skill against the elements and the tough road conditions ol‘long ago The lirst motorcycle was made by Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 with a wooden frame and a single‘cylmder gas engine producing five horsepower from 160cc at 600mm. It was a test bench for his engine more than anything else. and he mm ed on to four wheels It was the Germans a ho in» ented the internal combustion engine and the French who made the motorcar work. but in the two- whccl “orld the mmcrnent was worldwide and not so easily pinned dotin to nations There is an English contender for the title of being first‘ Edward Butler. who made his machine in 1884. one year ahead of Daimler in Germany. but his machine had three wheels and so cannot qualify as a motor bicycle. There are earlier claimants. but they are not well documented and are open to doubts. A French machine made by M Michel appeared in 1869 as well as an American model from Mr S H Roper, both steam driven. but 1|“ “NW“, \Iumu\x|my ‘1 nelthcv dcveloped mm produclmn mndcls There “ch ulm trir cycles from pmnccrs hkc Coum Albert de Dion and Leon Scr- pnllcl. but not l\\‘U-\\heelcr,~, Duimlcr's engins {olhmud [he prmciplm uf Dr D N 0110, in turn burro“ ed From the Henchman E Lenolrund Beaudc Rochu,~_ and Dmmlcr “us usxisled h) Wilhclm Muybach‘ another great pmnccr Iuybuch (\clunlly rude my firm Duimlcr mJCth'. hut u was thc only mle. So \\ 110 \\ mfimin prod||cllm1"T11c Hildchmnd bmlhcrs of Mumch arc gn'cn thc Crcdll. FIrsi the) mudc .A \lcum cnginc, then u gmolmc cngme which Hwy pm mm u bm in [he lR‘JUx lhey \\ ere 1n pmduutinn \uth a mmmi/cd hm. u slap-through name like a mmlcrn lo\\7pn7\\crcd lnnlmcy’lc. Iml 1 t l nrtgtnitl) tripttitncti atom“ on her l\a\ to emancimumi‘ \\l[l\ the engine where the pedals should be In anlantl Colonel H C Holden countered \\ Hit a tonne-i linder motorcycle and in France the pioneer (‘ount dc Dion in partner» ship “ith a man hall‘hts SIIC Georges Boutnn. produced a range of mnrwheclcts \\ith gasoline engines Ntmudup and for man} §cars pltsl iirtualh all motorqcle engines liaie been located in the same place In the Frame, but in the eurly days u down diflerent alternatives “ere tried in from. behind. undei the saddle. over the ftont wheel. and even in the middle ofelthet whee] Motorcycles mostly used belt drive. as they continued to do for man) }ears. and had no \uriable gears Yet there new curious gltmpscs m the future. like u 5 -speed Douglas in 1913. a mist- grip on the 1ndian in 1904. a mechanical inlet vahe tlndiltn again) in 19118. electric lights in 1914 (Indian! and on the same machine electric Nléinln‘g in 1914. nhich \lrtilall} disappeared until the liipdnCsL‘ brought it back in recent years The BI’IUSh Scott used a rotary talte in 1911. which was abandoned until its reuse in the 1050' and telescopic forks. another ’rriotlerri‘ tlc\ ice. The 1911 Dow as had a disk brake The aforementioned Holden also had the in l'rturAcflinder engine in 18% The Sldeettrilppczlred tn 1904 Racing began almost (lssttun as there “ere tno mlichtncs to compete against each other. but Grand l’tix racing came (ml) in 1921). Motoicyeles in these early days “ere made in Rt! countries. “tut-t. ltits now tivtlndled to a dozen although the overall produce tiott is much higher There are no“ about 3.’ makes and 240 models. some ol'the lapanese companies otTcring :1 choice of 20 oi ‘0 \ltlst ot‘ the great names oftoday :ire newcomers. and all the 1'5 ofthe past ha\e disappeared. Fortunnreh the boom in elil», c and \iiirage inachinex means that the remaining examples tile being l’tlxtttlctl and run in Sp izil races and rallies so that we can see ll(\\\ it \\‘1I3 in the heyday of competition between more than Jlltl 1“;ququ The enthusiasm ot'the motorqcling fraternity can be measured in) the xiilfl or t)]1tg1llint‘> devoted to the sport and pastime. For . litplc. liltho gh there are 14.00001)” Cars on British roads. fen iii-tarlnu lnaga/ines can sell 10l1.()tl(| copies per issue. vet there are “‘1 leli .> pahlicntiom VCllmg that number to Jusl our one ‘lt'llltm niotoieiclut: \ pmtcam uith 4 l rench mother with oll‘prtng. .\ Rotal hitheld l s lmncpme. \Altlt backrptddlltng . mm .u lh Stanle) Sim in Nmernber |9t|| t Tin- History of \lolort‘ycling ii Women have always been associated with motorcycles and not only as pillion passengers. In the very early days there were a number of‘ladies models.‘ which died the death because straddling a two-wheeler was not thought to be ladylike. Today Italiaii women are still expected to ride sidesaddle on the scooters so popular in that country. Motorcycling has always attracted its heroic figures, from the back-to-front cap merchants to the leather-clad Barry Shecncs of modern times, and it would take a lot of words to recapture a roll of honor of the all-time greats. A name to conjure with from the pioneering times, although hardly a hero, was the American E J Pennington, who sold the rights of his motorcycle in 1896 in England to the infamous H J Lawson for “00.000. The machine was said to be able to leap over rivers in Evel Knievel style, but only did so in his advertising brochures. Lawson tried to capture the monopoly of the infant motor industry by buying up the patents ofjust about everything made, but both he and Pennington went broke. Exactly when the motorcycle became a practical machine rather than an eccentric’s toy is hard to determine, but there were signs of future development in 1903 with the use of shaft drive (the Belgian FN). The first recorded race was one year later in France. known as the International Coupe Race. At that time there were more than 21,000 machines in England alone, and the first Tourist Trophy (TT). which has become the Mecca of two-wheelers. was held in 1907 in the Isle ofMan ofithe west coast of England. The world‘s first purpose-built motor racing course at Brooklands near London was also built that year. In the United States there were close to [00,000 machines on the roads by 1910, and the following year the Americans astonished Britain by running 1-2-3 in the British TT with Indian machines, in the Senior race for 500cc bikes. Before that there had been single- and twin—cylinder classes, and as there was a curious idea that twins were slower, when the two types ran together the singles had to be under 500cc but the twins were allowed 585cc. From 1907 to I910 the TT had been run on the fiattish St John‘s course of 15.8 miles, and Indians won in the first year on the 37.75-mile mountain circuit which is still used today. although the race is no longer the ranking British event in the international calendar, as thc Grand Prix has taken its place. Many famous international riders refused to ride on the long Course on the grounds that it was too dangerous, and it has claimed more than 100 lives The TT Indians were in fact scaled down to 585cc from their normal 5.5 horsepower 800cc and used one of the first courtlcrr shaft gearboxes. with the also unusual chain drive. The only saung grace for Britain was that the riders more British: Oln er Godfrey, Charlie Franklin, and Arthur Moorhouse. One of the Indian riders the previous year had been W 0 Bentley, later famous as maker of the Bentley car This year, 1911, was obviously something ofa watershed as it saw the division ofthc TT into the two classes. Senior for 500s and Junior for 350s, and the Indian victory with chain drive and shift- ing gearboxes. But it was the forthcoming world war of 1914718 which proved [0 bc a forcing house for the motorcycle, as it was for weapons, surgery, and many other aspects of technology. Motorcycles were used by dispatch riders, and sidecars carried machine guns and stretcher: in their wartime service. During the war Britai tiliaed many makcs: Clyno. Douglas. P & M, Sunbeam, and umph nd the Americans used up 70,000 HtirleyADavidsons. The Germans had Wanderer and NSU. the Austrians the Puch, the French the Gillet, and the Italians the Bianchi. Machine-gun Sidecar outfits were heavily loaded with ammunition, gasoline, spare tires, and parts, and the guns could be forward or rear facing. After the war the discharged soldier wanted his own personal transport for the first time. and motorcycling enjoyed a boom. Scooters also came and went. to return again after World War II. There was a flood of machines onto the marketigood. had, and indifi‘erentiand the buyers soon Icarned which were the best. E. An unofficial stop on the English Motor Cycling t lulu s London Linux hnd run for luck Howell im in, triumph Landmarks were the Ate in the United States, which vlas de- signed by Bill Henderson who first “Orkcd for the Chicago Excelsior. Later. after his death in a crash.th same four-cylinder engine appeared in the Indian. a fourrcylinder [200cc unit which was continued up to 1941, with changes mer the years. In Germany the DKW tofliCially Dampl' Kraft Wagen but more commonly Das Kleine Wunder. or The Little Wonder) came on the market with a i“(t>’>ll'0l(€ engine. and in England two famous names. the ABC designed by Gramille Bradshaw. and tlle Dunelt appeared. There were mam tithers. some to join the list of famous marques others to fade away. In Britain there were 14 times as many machines on the road b_\' 1920 as in 1904. coming., from almost 300 different factories. ' .. . ‘ B . tht~ rollmiin year the registrations increased another j; .’I . mallet) to 373,000? double the number m the United States, ' .4 ‘ “ "." Strong on the scene was Alfred Angas Scott. \ihtise watercooled 3 .. . . ‘ . 01. ‘ M two-stroke twins began in 1909 but made their m‘tn'k in the 1920s. fl " VI 9 fl“ _ Scott died in 1923. but left his memorial in telescopic forks and the use ol'a rotar) inlet sal\e b) 1911. llismaehines with their dis- tinctite appearance and noise were belmed tif enthusiasts many years after his death. By another of those illogical de sitins. like the one \Vthh pl'ttr nnunccd that twins had less power than singles. the racing powers that be penali -d Scott‘s tworstroke when he was winning every- thing. They dee ed that his ”lees must be multiplied by 1.32 to gne the others a fair chalice lice he had more pouer strokes. In spite of U115 handicap his machine was the first two-stroke to fin h a TT in 1910 on the short circuit. and one year later set the te lap in the Senior oter the mountain course at 50.1 lmph ln . Frank Applebee “(in the Senior at 48,69mph. Scott originally used [“0 chains each \xith its own sprockets to prm ide [“0 ratios. but after World War I the machine had a con- \‘Cniltmttl [\Htrspce an urthtttiht three or l‘hurrspct-tl box “as used The Super Squirrel ‘tll'ltl Flying Squirrel l’l‘t|\ 'tt spectttl place In the ulrectitms ui‘niutoreyclists. and a replica is still made today under the marque name 01‘ Silk. The sear 1923 \\ another milestone. lt suit the intrtiductitiii of the first Sidecar . \mn by Freddie Di\on \iith his banking sidecar. the tirst Amateur TT which became the Manx Grand Prix. and the first German BMW tipptisedrtwini which is still in production today in the same basic design Instead of trying to hide the age of the design the makers advertise the iirtues of the more than 507} earrold layout which still comes from their factory mm in Berlin. although their headquarters is in Munich This classic dc gn came into being almost by accident when Ma\ Frrz. \\ htt deslgned aero engines for BMW which new ered (JCllntu! machines in World War [. was unable to continue this occupation after Germany had lost the war. He was asked to turn to nlttlttt‘c)cl€> but \\ as not keen until he was olfered an office \\ ith a timidrbuining store. a luxui} in the Germany 01' those days. So it was that (lie (lat-twin shal't-dmen R32 emergedt forerunner of man; siiiiil.ir machines Since. right up to the R7 series. l‘t-i/ httl been ti rounder- with Karl Rupp til the Bayerische l‘lllg/ellgttet’lsc AG to build llL‘t'U engines in Munich. and the Ctlmpanl has on lilk‘ a letter from Baron ton Riehtlmfen thank- iiig it llti llttv \llPt‘Httt'iI} of the engines \rith which his famous sttlttttll'tltl \\'.’ts equipped Pittrtueiutn ended iri 1919 after Fran7 Dietnel had set tl l\t)l'ltlrlCCl\1sl height ttf97otl meters in his biplane ullli a B‘il“ engine ‘1? 19 gettrhttx as “ell 'virtg rtrur ratios. Litter still ’i'lit ctiiiltl nu that made tlgrtt‘ullul til tintlunut tutti Castings l‘trr A (intent in B\1W shttftrdrne maehlm.‘ other companies until it moved on from marine engines and truck engines to a lightweight motorcycle. the Flink. the first moped of all. Then came the Helios. with a horizontally opposed engine but mounted lengthwise with belt drive to the rear wheel. Finally in i923 came the R}: with horizontally opposed twin engine mounted across the frame as we know it today. iiith shaft Lil'lye and fully floating axle. the first of its kind It was the sensation of the Paris Salon that year. By 1935 there \\ ere nine motorcycle models. by 1927 BMVy' had sold more than 25.000 machines. and introduced the 750cc \cr» sion of the twin. the R62. Then Ernst Henne began his record rtins at the At us track in Berlin and on the Munich-Ingolstadt autobahn. clocking 135mph in 1929 tiith a supercharged 750 He \\ent on to put this up to 174mph and to take 76 world records. and it was 14 years before his 174mph was beaten by Vv'ilhelm Hen on a 1710““ NSU I\\i|l after World War 11 BMW was also the first company to use supercharging in road dieing. \Vlth a '/.oller CCL‘Cnll’lCrle‘le blouer on a 500cc machine. beating the then intineible Nortons and the Swedish llusqvarna tuins and the Italian \ioto (iu/zis Then in 1935 Came the R12. the first motorcycle with telescopic forks. interchangeable wheels. anti a hinged rear mudguard It was ti ue that Scott had been using telescopic: in 1911. but not with hydraulic damping as on the BMW. By 1939 BMW had even beaten the Norton to wm the Senior Tl' \\ill1£l blown see, and picked up 491 gold medals that year. Schorseh Meier \\ as its TT winner and Britain's Jock West second. also on BMW \Vlien stlpcrchurgllig was banned after the War it put an eml to BMW \ictories iti solo races. but they dominated the Sidecar field instead ; \‘Vilhclm Noll did 174mph on the familiar autobahn stretch in November 1955 in a completely enclosed two-\ihecler with a third outrigger wheel attached. becoming the world's fastest. World War 11 put an end to BMW production for civilians. but BMW carried on with a 750 R75 for the Wehrmacht with 26bhp and four road gears plus two reverses and four cross-country gears The sideear wheel had a difierential and brakes were hydraulic. This model was used also in Africa. Russia, Lapland— and on the French Riviera. Aero engines became the staple output again until 1945 when the Munich plant. which had been largely destroyed. was confiscated by the Allies and the Eisenaeh plant went into public ownership in the East. Schorsch Meier had hidden his prewar racing machine in a barn and brought it out again for the first postwar “Round Ba ria' race. becoming the German Road Champion. The com- pany was banned from making motorcycles and old cylinder heads were turned into saucepans until I948 when it was allowed to produce the single-cylinder R24 with lehp from 250cc. made on the most primitive jigs and tools in a makeshift workshop, The tviin came back in I949 as the RSI/2, and 100.000 machines had been sold by 1953. when a slump in two-wheelers hit the com- pany. By 1959 closure faced the company. but it was saved by Dr Herbert Quandt. in 1968 the single-cylinder was dropped and the days of the motorcycle seemed to be numbered. but a revival in public demand put production up from 4700 to more than 20.000 a year by 1971. The history ofBMW is a microcosm ofthe industry. going from near disaster to great succ ss according to the whims of the customers. It is worth telling because of that company‘s extra» ordinary success for more than halfa century with virtually a one- model policy. admittedly made in varying engine capacities, but with an unchanged design basis Yet the classic English companies who also tried to stick to what they knew failed one by one as the Japanese came in with more and more novel and exciting designs. The previously mentioned makes whieh made their mark in- clude BMW. Indian. Scott. Douglas. and the othergreat American "the last to survive—the Harley-Davidson. That epic British make. the Norton. made a brief appearance. but all motorcyclists with a sense of history would include many others in the honor roll ofclassics, among them the Brough Superior. the Ariel Square Four. the Veloectte, the ‘cammy‘ and Big Port AIS. the Sunbeam. Matchless Silver Hawk. various BSAs. the Vincent HRD. the great ltalians MV Agusta. Guzzi. Dueati. Benelli. and Gilera. and the modern Japanese Honda. Suzuki. Kawasaki. and Yamaha. This leaves out Triumph. whose Speed Twm introduced a new breed which endured a long time. and the Zenith Gradua and Rudge Multi which introduced the idea of variable»ratio trans- mission. Most of the famous marques of machine had equally \iell-known riders assoeiated with them, although we know more about those on the scene from about 1920 than we do about the real pioneers who endured the hardships of untarred roads. temperamental tires. and knew all about uncertain journeying. The very early days re perhaps less exciting to read about. as speeds were low. unreliability the norm. and every rider was his own mechanic. But once earburetion. spark. and front suspension had been made to work to a reasonable standard. more rapid development took place. notably when the chain replaced the belt drive. which did not work too well in the dry and hardly at all in the wet Zenith with its Gradua provides an early milestone. as it was the first attempt to offer variable gear ratios. In the beginning A; -404 'l'he llislnry nfMotorqcling i5 most makers ran a V-belt between two pulleys, one on the crank- shaft and the other, much larger, on the rear wheel. Then some- one hit on the idea of moving the driving pulley in and out to vary the ratio. At first the machine had to be stopped to ‘ehange gear,’ and a shorter or longcr belt put on to replace the one in Zenith improved on this with its Gradua gear. which appeared In I908 but was used right up to 1923 when it was distinctly old fashioned. The company used various engines (JAP. Fafnir, Green, Bradshaw. Villiers) but Freddie Barnes‘ Gradua suited any ofthem. This enabled the rider to change ratio Without stop- ‘ s entails-mammal “TSOP‘RIX DEFRFNC , JU R ,OF THE GRAN i - , ennui ‘I Lv tat-t l9|sr Thomas (mm on the Rudge uhtch won the brand Mix (la France, and ('yril l'ullm .mu anng an» mm Senior 1 l on im Kudgc Multi (below; ping the machine. which was a big step forward. The Gradua operated by expanding or contracting the pulley flanges, at the same time moving the rear wheel backward or forward in slots to keep the tension right, It was all done viith one handle sticking up almost vertically, alongside the tank. At first it was on the righthand side. then moved to the left, It may sound odd, but it worked for 15 years. and Barnes won numerous com» petition events with its aid. The Rudgc Multi, which came out in 19| 1. three years later than the Gradua, cut out the need to move the rear wheel by expanding one pulley 's it contracted the other, keeping the bell tension the same. This was a logical improvement over the chlli‘L but the next step was to discard the belt in favor ofthe chain and still offer more than one gear ratio. This was first done by Jonah Phelon and Richard Moore, who first called their machines P & M and later Panther. They used chains from their start in 1900, and by 1904 had a lworspeeder with countershaft. But their original device was to use two chains and two sets ofsprockets. engaged by a dog clutch onto a counter shaft which carried the secondary chain to the rear wheel. Alfred Scott used the same idea and was sued by P & M. but he Claimed that it was not new and quoted Werner and de Dion A mi: \uklmliun own “enmiglM‘ |\\Hi Bouiiin ii» piCL‘L‘ds‘nh i'oi ii» usc, SCUM 100k ii ii nap I'urihei by I providing ihc fir>i kick ~iziri \iiih H chliin l'min unc «if ihc pcdiils uscd [0 mm im all a mnpcd 1min) ] cwepi ihui it hiid m be hinged iiiund liisi P x M haid Jnuihcr llU\L‘l idm and dispensed “iih ilie [’r'inm dimiiiiihc zind \lhu‘d ihc ciiginc ii.» pai'i \ifilic i‘i'ziinc. jim :is Vincent did liner on hi; hi h-performiincc machines By 1906 ihei-emn :1 (int? ted gm hm i‘mm iiii- li ruin} iii‘Chiiicr-Lcii. ~llll in bums“ hiii nu luiigui mii “lish coinr cycles. Once Chdln drl\L‘ and \ill'lllhle gears had lillutn own progress reiill) bcgun simiu pcupie med mu cpiciciic hubs. like ihim wlill uxcd mi pusl‘l-blkcx. bui ihcy did mil mind up [0 ihc ll'dflsmhsiun ui‘pmirr 2h th‘} did ihc pedal punh l'rame defiign \\L|\1ll>osllb]L‘Cl [0 Cl’mngc, Lilll‘mugh mum”) 1hr diunlmld frumu “As uiiiim ll} cmpluwd cxccpl h} Scan “110 uw‘d A and]: liku man} hikes h:i\c iivdui \lml cnginc» hLKl seiiled down oxer ihc biiiium bl'LiCkLl Jiltr ihc curl) c\pcnmcnh. iiiid Links hung from ihc mp lllbc. The xcicniili ill} niiiidud Lll’c Lll\\.1}5 cumpliiining ihzii ihr mull¥rc>clu has deiclopsd liule mar ihc icam l\ ~llll U'udt imd in much 1hr \(lnle {min A» ll “m in ihc beginningY There in wine iruih iii ll‘lh, \\'hcmu lllc mimiiciir hm mine modclx \\lll’| from cflgillc> driung ”\L‘ i'i'imi “heels. \ome rear CnglnL‘\ driiing ihc i'mi \iliccl\.1\nd men mmc iiiih niidrcnginew‘ Lind zill mrh iil‘uihci \;iii;iimn,». ihe iiiiiiorciulc lei-in lb claims ~hiipc ’Ihc ciiiiifuri. mm pimiiii-i-ii. mil holding. handling und icllllbllil) m Anniher m‘iuer. RJClUfl did A flrCLil dL‘ul m iiiiprmc Ilii: breed 1 he Tuuihl 'liuplii “JV ihu imp c~i iiicc. hiii lhc Hrfloklilnds ’[ ruck \\l1lL'lI uiiiiic ”“0 “\C :ihniii ihc same llmL‘ (1907i oil'cied sewriil iliilhiuiii L‘H'UHLM «ind lliL‘ )‘Oxxlblllu ul‘coniinuiiiix high \pCUd iii Rxl ihc >lAl'nlILl oi engines iiiiil iiilici imm. niiiiihly “’3me on [he mugli HM [1156 ll "Ln uiiiiu .i\ ii \‘Urprlae ihai in ihc fil'sl race. for mining ll\UlUrC}L‘le min» lldd l0 «MCILUV - 75 miles in ilic gallon Jnkl \l u 91) L hui L i‘lllill \illL’ ,ii’iliu ihm~ hi'iiilicn btl'imd ilic \luichlc . lilij\L‘li’Hli} kiimiii 1i» milieu ‘l\ in: \ldli.‘l‘lbu\. “on ihc xinglcs i‘iicu lKllll :i ,1 \I)’L'l ii:ii llLiCl‘illlc. \lL|lL‘l‘ilC~\ i|llll Collier arc mil lldn‘lk“ in h {Kw \‘ - i (li.iilii~ ( iillii-r (iiiil hlx bmiher Hurry ciihci imii ilk i l‘ u-il \Ji’i‘lltl (mm 1907 io 191i) and went no [in i iiiii lilUthL BciL rilCL‘Ll in ilic Mlllx «in “hill ii. i i« . l‘lin'lllL‘Kl Dl'HhL’lli‘n mmlel \liilulilc» [bid 1 ‘ i» ii i ‘ i \\ as not alone in “HernpllngIhclOuFC)C1lndcl lhcmc in the days hel'iire kmiiilcdge ul‘ mcl‘allurg) and pll‘duCHUll machinery made it :ill easier. There “ere ax lcasl a dim-n makus. some nnl well knmin. some which did iim reach the prOtluCllml srage. buI\\Cl'e\\01lh}'Atlempi:(It somelhing dill'ereiii and heuer. Besl knimn perhaps is llic Ariel Square FOUL \ihich ilr'il gel inm production and lilsicd :5 )eim, lhe Squui'lcl. .is me Lin; kiieii |[. 011116 in ihree l'nrms {mm 1930 urmard: Elm. (i111). and llilmc. but all \\llh the four cylinders iii a square it was really two twins contra-rotating, with linked crunkshafts. designed by Edward Turner who Inter produced another milestone. the Triumph Speed T“ in. He used a chainrdrit en overhead camshaft in lhe 500 and 600 models. but went to pushrods {or the Thousand. “hICh was the one to hate. The 500 “as 5] by 61mm. and in the 500 the bore \ize “em up to 56mm The Thousand was 65 by 75mm The Four was it sensation in 1930. and the 600 pleased the sidecar men \\ hen it came out in 1932. It had more power than most machines of the time. and it came smoothly and quietly. which was c\ en more unusual The Thousand also ran to dry-sump lubrication. pio- neered by Ariel iii the 1920s. Once the early meriteallng problems had been Sohcd thC Sqiiariel could crutse at hitherto unheard of speeds. The Thousand Ctllne back dilCT the war “lll‘l telescopic front forks and a sprung retir end on option. and to cut the weight the engine went from mm m sinmmum mung more than sotb in the I'mted Slates. home of the big car engine. big motor- cycles ‘~\lii’\ lliuircxlintler units were more common. We have mentioned .\t'e Henderson. and lnrlian. but they were all pre- dated to the market by the Pierce Four in 1909 from the Pierce Arrow c.” Company at Bultaio. New York Some people looked .t little \ltiCVy ay s at the Pierce Four as it had more than a Pthslllg .esemhlzmct‘ to the adtanced Belgian F'\l. which viiis \tliti from Boston, Massachusetts. While both were in- Iinel tHlTs. thcl \ llsc‘ti .m AUlUI‘nEIIlC inlet \ di\L‘. suction operated Rex Judd on his flat-twirl horizontall} opposed Williamson “>00 in the WI] Scottish Six Days. as in many early engines. while the Pierce had a T-head with a camshaft on either side for pesitive operation of both sels of mites. This followed the design of the successful Pierce Arrow car engine. Percy Pierce. only son of George Pierce. was given Ihe company by his father. and brought an FN home with him from Europe. The Pierce Arrow car was in the Cadillac class, and the motor- cycle followed. using shaft drive and cosling 5325, There was no Starling clutch: the engine was pedalled into motion With the machine on the rear stand. then bike and rider (hopefully) shot off together. Later models had a multi-platc clutch Another noielty was that the gasoline and Oil tanks were part ofthe tubular frame. The price vient up from the 1909 figure of $325 to 3400 in 1912 and the machine was available in black. Carmine. or royal red. But it was c0sting more to makethan the selling price. and disappeared in I914. From 1903 the Belgian FN on which the Pierce Four “as hosed \\ as a pioneer in four-cylinder engines and shaft drive. In fact the firm made the first practical {ouncylinder machine at Ihe Liege factory of the Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre in 1904. The designer vias Paul Keleeom. and the machine was ridden through six countries to the 1905 Paris Salon without trouble. He crossed Francet Itiily. Switzerland. Germany. Holland. and Belgium before appearing at Paris. and this was in bad winter weather in Notemher and December. The motorcycle “as said to be smooth and vibrationless. and produced 3bhp at 1800rpm from 362cc. The shaft driie ran inside The Hlsltlry tiI\1tIttIrr\clin;t 19 2L; a frame tube. and the ignition cut out to stop the engine was worked by a twist grip. A curious feature was that the starting chain and pedal bracket. held on by one big bolt. was made under license from the American Colombia Works of Hartford. Coti- necticui. Later a special American model was made with various modifications. An Englishman. Sidney Horstmann. designed a two-speed gear which could be installed on the FN. The very advanced twist-grip stop was not successful because it sometimes caused explosions which destroyed the silencers. It was dropped in 1906 in favor of a valve lifter on the now-bigger 410cc engine. Iii 1914 the size went up again to 750cc. The Germans occupied the FN works in 1914 and made the 750 Four for army use, and kept it on afterward. It was not easy to ride solo as the engine torque resisted 1eft»hand bends. but it was con- tinued up to 1923. The Four died in 1926. Another little-known Four which had a similar life span but less success was the Militaire Four. later the Militor; probably fewer than 100 machines were made by eight companies from 1910 to 1922. The first model looked rather like the Ner-a»(‘ar. also American designed. with hub-center steering. an armchair seat. and even a steering wheel. It also had outrigger wheels as on a child‘s bicycle to keep it up when stationary. both front and rear suspension and shaft drive. The makers persisted in calling it a car. which did not improve sales, This model was begun in Canada and moved to Cleveland. Ohio. but it had not appeared by 1913 when a new model offered handlebars instead ofa steering wheel. Then the Champion Motor Car Company ofSt Louis. Missouri. took over and called it The Champion. Car dealers still said it was a motorcycle and would not sell it. Next N R Sinclair took over and moved operations to Buffalo. New York. but he went broke in 1917, and was followed by the Milttor Corporation of Jersey City, New Jersey. That company sold some models to the US Army with sidccar, attached. but they were heavier than Indians or Harleys and certainly no better. Knox Motors finally took over. in Springfield. M achusetts. opposite the Indian factory. This was iti 1920. and the Militor died in 1922 after a sea of teething troubles It was a good try, William G Henderson had more success with his Four. which ran from 1912 to 1932. Carl Stevens Clancy rode one around the world in the launch year. covering 18.000 miles. Henderson offered a hand crank for starting when all the other machines had to he put on a stand and pedalled to start. It was a straight air— cooled Four. selling for $325 One of the many publicity stunts was a ride round a roller-coaster track by Blick Wolter in 1917. Henderson began in 1912 with a single-speed model but by 1914 had a two-speed gearbox in the rear hub. He also shnrlcned the wheelbase. as a very long machine was a handicap on rough and tutted roads. The new models ran on a Shvinch wheelbase. This was partly achieved by removing the two-foot footboard which ran right across the machine in front of the engine and putting individual ones on either side. A three»speed gearbox in unit With the engine with car-type cltttch came in 1917. Another of the Henderson stunts was to take the cot 't»to oast record from Los Angclcs to New York City, 3296 mi s in sc in days 16.25 hours. beating that set up by the famous and colorful Canonball Baker on an Indian Twin in 1914 The Henderson rider was Allan Badell. 21, who died of influenza in the 1917 epidemic. RoyArtley then did the Three-Flag Route from Blaine. Canada. to Tijuana. Mexico. covering 1o67 miles in three days and 25 minutes on a Henderson again taking the record from Canonball Baker. Roads were tifconrse rudimentary in those dll}>.ilnt.lt‘1(.lctsl1dtl to ford streams. dodge rocks. and plow through mud. Hendetson also won speed. hill»climb. and endurance records utitil he sold out to Ignaz Schwinn of the Excelsior Motor and Manufacturing Company. makers ofthe Excelsior Twin. and the machine became the Excelsior-Henderson. William and his brother Tom soon left. William to start making the Ace Four. The old Henderson had used a splash-lubrication system. but the designer of the new Model K put out by Excelsiot. Arthur 0 Lemon. who moved on frotn the old firm. put in a full force-feed system and Roy Artley rode for 300 miles at 77mph on LI Cali- fornia track. The K sold well and was followed by the De [.uxe which cottld do lOOmph and was bought by many police forces in the United States. The stunts went on. with Wells Bennett covering 1562.54 miles in 24 hours on a board track at Tacoma in 1922. a record which stood for 15 years. Again he took it from Canonball Baker. Then iii 1928 Excelsior hired A R Constantine from Harley-Da dson to design the K] Modeli sometimes known as ‘thc Streamlined Henderson ‘ This was a llOmph machine much used by police since it could catch any car. In 1931 Schwinn became alarmed by the Depression and suddenly stopped production. going back to bicycle makingr which his compaiiy is still doing. William Henderson also designed the Ace after he left Exce or in 1919. and this was another great American Four which lasted until 1926. American machines of the period went in for house colors: Hendcrson blue. Harley-Davidson khaki. Indian red. Reading brown. Ace favored blue wtth white wheels and gold lettering on the tank. and otl‘ered 310.000 to any machine which could run faster. Henderson atid Artliur Lemon produced the design for the air- cooled straight four. which sold for $395 in 1924 arid dropped to $335. Lemon took over completely when chd son was killed in 1922 Ace followed Henderson iii puttitig on stunts atid record attempts. and Red Wolverton covered the mile at 129mpli iti 1923 on a road near Philadelphia. riding a specially-prepared and lightened machine. arid ltlfimph witli sidecat. But. like other famous mounts. the Ace was selling for less than it cest to make. and productioti eventually stopped in 1924. A few more were made by new owners tMicliignn Motors (‘Otpora- tion) iii I926. arid then Indian Motorcycle Company bought “liltl was lefL producing the Indian Foui which lasted until 1941. Act] ion of the Ace gave Indian a single. twin, and now a Four in their range. which they proclaimed as the most Complete in the world. India ' featured a qiiai terrelliptic lctitlspring iii their front suspension. and when it featured the Ace engine it produced vibration which it had never done in its 'oiin' I'iainc. Indians switched lit a cradle frame. after using a steadying brace as an interim measure. The new model was called the 402. and it also featured a five-bearing crank in place of thc Ace’s thtcc beatings. There followed an unfortunate model in 1936 known as "the Upside—down-Model‘ because the usual Indian setup ofinlet ovei exhaust valves was turned round with the exhaust valves on top and inlets down below Th1\ spoiled the appearance of the 437 series and the public did not buy it. Later models went back to the old arrangement The last models. from 1939 to 19-11. featured telescopic l‘cal springing and mudguards \Vllll cnormoits valatices almost enclosr ing the wheels Two ptotolypc Indians with shaft drive designed after the war were 11C\C1 produced. The last American Four which we have not discussed was the Cleveland, made in Cleveland. Ohio. from 1935 This excludes unrealized projects like the Gerhart and Cannonball Baker’s own machine. Cleveland. makers of lightweight machines from 1915. produced its first Four in 19., ith a 37-cuhic-inch T»head engine. but it did not handle or perform as well as expected. The company then hired F. ll Dcl.ong. who came from Ace and Henderson. and drew‘ up a new model t. lled the ‘4»45' with a monobloc c t ing. roe valves. unit gearbox. and cradle frame. But the rival Ace and Henderson had engines nearly twice the SMC. so Clev and moved up to 61 cubic inches. or lUOOec The last model. the ('entury. was sold \vith a lUUmph guarantee and a toot clutch in the American wa but w 1h killed by the Depression. The Gerhart was suspiciously like the Belgian FN but had dif- ferences. it used a four-cylinder pushrod engine and leafspring front suspension and was made in Philadelphia in 1913. but very few machines emerged from the factory. The other unrealized dream came from the recordAhreaker Cannonball (E G) Baker. who died before the machine was built It was ajoini proiect with E H Dcl.ong ofAce Henderson Cleve< land. with a four-cylinder V engine of73 cubic inches An engine was built and tried in an Indian frame. but was unsuccessful. This was in 1930. England and mainland Europe \\ ere also the source ofsorne tin~ fulfilled dreams in the fotir»cy|inder world. including one which even had the name ofrhe Golden Dream This came from George Brough. who made the famous SS 80 and [00 models ridden by Lawrence of Arabia. among others. George Brough showed his first Four at the 1927 Olympia Motor-Cycle Show in London. with a v engine of 998cc He went on to Show four prototype Fours in subsequent years. culminating with the Golden Dream with a transverse Four. like two twins on top ofeach other Before that he tried an Austin Seven car engine. but none ofthe models was ever sold. The Wilkinson l’otir. which looked rather like the American Ner-ai‘ai' with 11 ctiirttpe seat. was similar in some ways. This was designed by l’ G Taechr but not produced. although one presumably a prototype still exists. The designer moved on to the 'I ourina Auto Cvcle t l'ACi in 19] l. which also had a C -type bucket seat. but was \\.1|L‘i cooled The second version “as called the Touring ,\1olor‘('tcletl'\1C).:indonl) a few were made. Another stillborn English \t‘nttii‘e was the Vauxhall motor- cycle. made by the car firm which is now part ofAmerica's General Motors btit was independent in 1921 when it designed the four» cylinder 930cc ohv machine with three-speed gearbox. It had flutes on the fuel tank like the ones that used to be on the hood of their cars An aircraft-engine designer, Major Halford of the Ricardo Engineering Company, drew the engine and the rest of the machine. which had shaft drive. interchangeable wheels, and an American-style foot clutch. Apparently only two were made. Even sadder was the story ofthe Wooler Four. another British effort. John Wooler produced designs from 1912 to 1954. but few ever reached the market. Curiously the Wilkinson Sword Com- pany. who was behind the Wilkinson Four also agreed in make John‘s single-cylinder machi e iii l9l2. but it did not happen. He went on to make some twins himself. announced a Four in 1943 which was built as a prototype but never chl into production. and another of different design in 1954. The 1943 Four appeared at the 1948 London's Earls Court show. with 500cc flat-four light- alloy engine. shaft drive. and the novel feature that the whole machine could be dismantled with one open-ended wrench as only two iiut sizes were used. Unhappily. although production plans were made, they never came to anything. The longest production-run record must go to Nimbus of Den- mark. who madea four-cylinder machine from 1920 to 1957. with 746cc ioe engine and a frame made from pressed steel welded and bolted up. There was, however. a gap between 1928 and 1934 when Nimbus was too busy with vacuum cleaners. Many of the machines were sold to the army. The Ner-a-Car. designed by the American Carl Neracher and made from 1921 onward in Syracuse. New York. was not in the four-cylinder class but valuable as a curiosity. It had a 211cc single-cylinder two~s|r0ke engine. mounted in a frame which later sprouted a bucket seal. a car-type dashboard and a windshield. Some had different engines. and the steering was from the front hub centers. The Ner-a-Car was a cross between a car and a motorcycle. which was its downfall. because users of both types of vehicle were too conservative to buy something difi‘eient. in America it cost 5225 in 1921 but was sold for 66 guineas :n England. A British version was then made by Sheffield-Simplex at Kingston-on-Thamcs With a 285cc engine. Transmission was by friction drive with a fiber-clad ring pressing on a bronze disk, and by chain to the rear wheel. Later models had bigger Blackburne _—_———_—# rhi- Histtvr) of \Io|orc)c1iiig 2i 350cc engines and normal three»speed gearboxes. Most of ihe works were hidden. Lind the hope was to attract women riders. Many stunts were tried. and the Ner-fl-C‘dl’ did well in trials and other competitions. bui it was gone by 1926. The scooter hud ti brief spell of glory. with makes like ABC. King ur). Reynolds. and Quadrant in the 19205. Some had to be ridden standing up. which was not popular. although one of these typesilhe Kingsburyih‘dd fl two-stroke engine and chain drive. H(7\\e!\'cf they could not compete with the motorcycle and faded away. Norton-Triumph experimental Wankel engine in Cutaway i’nrm For it-i‘i The only \au\1ia11iimtmeyt sunniir of m matk' b) the Rl'lthh (drilrllllr11'723 mm it mum; llnttcr engine. integrdl clutch and mm mm ni‘iiit- Amt-“em Gent-mi Motors mmm Left Arthur iiina‘s 350cc singic-qtimicr ’uflht \llllt Burnun e hm \\tlh hand is photographed mint part in 4 run tin ttltl nut-tum '11“: one behind 1: it Royal Enlield. There are so many great names which have dcpurlcd among the makers that tie can pick out only the household 0an for Lt brief history The greatest English name is perhaps Norton. \\thh started up in 1901. lroni 11y enough James Lansdowne Norton used foreign engines. Sitiss tind French. in his first machines. Although his bike “on the 1907 TT in the min-cylinder clii . the great Norton era was from the 19205 on. after the founder's death in 1925, Model names which stick in the enthUsiiist‘s mind are the Inter- national, :it one time the favorite ofnewspaper dispatch riders for ru~hing pholographic plales to their «illiccs. (hc Man\_ the 10H m sidC-thc modcl much asul h} ihc Briiieh Amnl d the Fezllhcrbcd. James Norton himwll rod: .1 490cc le 'Il\C machine in I118 TT races of NW. lglll. and 1911 but failed to finish each time He became \ii al‘icr hl\ LN run and the husinc» alinoa closcd in hi3 ahxcncu but another lirm h) lhe name 0] R f Shelle_ Ind Commn}. who had dong “ork I'or NOVIUIL formed Norton Motor: Lll‘mICni nhrch kcpi ihc groin name going. A lamom inner D R O’Donman. Ai\0 helped h_\ rebuildinLl engines hclorc 1hr} were lnsluiicd in no“ machines “uh a g inleed xpccd of 70mph for his Hronklands Racing Special or 75mph for lhc Brooklands Spccial. Norton did not cnnlribur: much in World War I umil a late alrlgc when it sllppilL‘d some machines to Russi: and after rhc \\ur rebuilt old military mudclx for sale to lhc public The next step \\a,~ an overhead ”In: in 1922 which James Norlon had designed long bclorc hul no! marketed. hur lhls retired in the Senior Tr lh’al )car. 11 “cm on to he priing (cur i-mi Aficr I .when the} new bought by Axmciuicil Mninr (‘3cliw who also mudc Mnichlcw :iiid AJS. ilie dmmhill shile hegdn Iii wan AMC mo “cm undcr‘ and n nw mmpnin known in win Imi— Villien Limited look 0\ er lhcrc um .’| miiiiii iciiul \\iili llic 7H) imd 350 Fimimiiiidm. hiil Ihc grail diiys ol the ‘(iiiidcn (iiilc' frumc (no culled bCL‘i’lth‘ ihzii “in “IL” ii 1U(\k\‘4‘llLL‘L‘hCIHlL‘l’ national nmi Mnnx model» \wru long gimp The older g 1Crl|ll0ll \ll“ cliimol Ulldchlllnki “hut lizipncncd. Ihe young ncrniipi do riol cm. hm rim llLlLCd hruic gloiy ni’iiic hlgr anger sin" 'ng iindcr ihni mimic nini i~ \lii] inir prcvh L' ()iicol‘ilic llrcillltcl~ ol' NUrlUIl were» Ullhldc ilic liiciur) orhii vim l‘riincu ”curl. luncl’ mlimirilinni} ixlio niiidc iliu iniicliinm do undlcumcdul lhlng\l¥ri)mihc I‘Hlls ”1(0th l‘)7(l\ Hv Imiiig‘il hi~ lriidc liom lhc illIC i'nc l'cinihiiugh. n mp Hronkliindx mic! nnd rcciird-hicgikcr «in niinigii Supeimr. iimi inn lurnL‘d hh‘ xlog tzilent» tn the JAP engine. but \(\()n heeiime 11 Nrtrirm mtin. corn- ing out the hidden horses .is no one else could. BCLlIl came l'iom Sullnlk in eastern England. horn in l9[)5. but his family moved to Lnndmi \\ here he \\:|\ eduenled. in mnllcrs mttioreieling mnre thzin anything else. He begun as ii men t rider hln’hcii in his spare lime. but ei'enlunll) beetinie the high p st 01' the Ntirtnn engine. entering hl\ mm l'ldCTN‘ in the big events His spccluily \\':l,~ meticulltus pl‘chIrt’lllilni 5:“ng of “eight “llh i’|l\ man uiitl)‘ parts. and the Ineiiluhle inlinile capacity for taking puirist Nurtrm‘s competitors in the great Ol‘lE'iUllg eru \\ ere pl’illL‘ileii) AIS. BSA. Mntchle, . tint] Velocetle. plus machines l'tnm other countries like Ihe DKw ~Upcl'clltll'gcti l\\0-sll'tlkc. Benelli tul» theugh both these were lightweightsl. GliCl-L BHW. tind 01 course Rudge and Excelsior. There \’\ ere Ulhcl’) timing the tlniens of makes on the mnrkel at that time \\hU iiill emerge in ilieir vighltul place The A15 company. which took its mime from the tile Stevens brothers. or more accurately from Albert lrihn Stevens. nriginiill) Ntlld engines to other people [0 put in their nitichines These \\ ere made in the Weherhumpitin \iurks from about 19(11bulin 1911 lhey produced their min mzichine tiller expertence in cumpetition lhcm~cl\ es Their machine \\‘i|\ Ll single. iiith the option 01’ direct belt dl‘lxe or chain time. and 21 win-speed genrhtix. AJS stuck to this 292cc (70 by 76mm). or 2 7hrtrsepnwer under lhe British ruling. until il becnme imolied in the TT. The Com- ptin)’ riin u 35(1cet0nin the 1914 mm {mm the 1\’lln~ 01' Royal Entield and Dtlllgilh. vi hieh expired The rider ii 215 Erie Williams \\ith C'u’il Williams also AIS mnunled but not related. in second pliiee. Thlx begun somelhing art. ttndititin. interrupted by World \\';u l .\o C|\ ilitin machine» “ere made unliliil‘ler19l8_ but Jack Slei en,» \\ 1h buck \iith :i ne\\ 350 in Ihe Junior 01 I920, lit- htitl non progressed to push~rod netuuted int-rhctitl itilics rind ii simpeed titiiismissirtii. £1L‘th\ ed by using twn primtiri [ilJll‘h and ‘d lhlcc~§pucki geurhm Unfrirtunalely his team mem- h itllght :i run ltlc hritlle \\ ith eiich rither \V hieh put them all nut L‘\L‘cpl t _\rt| \\'iiii.itm iiito iitm tit 40 74mph. but AJS “en! (in tn \\lll lhe Jiiritnt tot li’ILIl )Cdlx in ii mii MS \\ 11> itintvng Ihe tirsi Brilhh makes l0 use oxerheud \til\e\. .uitl iiiix (Ii\(\ Curl) \\'il|i Cihllll-dll\ell merhentl- imshzill models 1" 1917 Ihe ininmillil Cummy \ti'i). \\hieh hill in big it l'tillmi- ing ii~ lhe ’Big Pni'l’ \‘tlllLil lmd clime iii exirlier AS \iell us the suc- cexxlul lllclllll \lllg’iLN there “e’l‘c produetilm \' ruins. lir~l side- Left littek iii ms. long berm the 'kneelers' rm sldccur rider) “ere III\ enledi \\' (imhnm Shn\\~ Imvl it h 11mm. ill» 495cc AJS “ilh hls pi. engcr hanging out In imdttmmi style the nitr- M in [\lexitndrit Pnrk, nnrth 0t Lnndlin \Jli\ es up In 990cc rind lheli 0h\' and even an in-line Four. Then the company diversified into cars. trucks. and radios ‘tlnll did not surviie Ihe 193] slump. ll \\'cnl through the hands of nnother Ctlmpun) on the wn)’ to becoming part 01' Ihe Collier brothers empire. maker: 01' the riiul Matchless machine. AJS became ti Matchless puinlcd illllllhcl‘ coliir. ptlrl iif Asso- eiuled Motor Cycles \\ hieh eventually was the British motorcycle industry. twining Francis-Burnett. James and Norlon. and ill one time Sunbeam in “C“ before selling il {0 BSA There were famous mndels Sllii [0 come after the weirithe Porcupine and the so- cttlled Boy Racer. The Porcupine fell denn because it was designed during the Mir to he \upcrch‘drgcd. hut lhe use of bluwers was 't‘ht- Ilislor) uI \Iumrrycling 25 banned by the time it was produced. The name cante from the spiky fins on the cylinder heads The Porcupine \\ twin ohc of 500cc inspired by the racing successes of BMW and thera. When blowers were banned AJS tried to recoup some power with higher compression but the in- duction tracts were all u rong. It should hate produced 60bhp hut initially only produced 40. later patnfully pushed up to 55. Simi- larly peak potter should hate come at 9000 but was actually at 7600rpm. In spite ofthis and the handling. which could have been better. the Porcupine won races. notably the Dunholme Grand Prix. but it did no better than places behind the Norlons in the ‘IT. Les Graham came close to a Senior win. and in addition to the two Williams already mentioned 30 great riders did well on A15. The Boy Racer. officially the 7R. came on the scene in 1948 as a Copy of the successful Mk VIII Velocette KTI' ohc 350cc single. It even had the same (74 by 8] mm) dimensions. It never won a TT except in experimental three-valve form in the hattds of Rod Coleman in 1954. The l‘ront forks were different and the AIS was lighter than the Velo. The Boy Racer did well in the amateur Manx Grand Prix of1952 when. with Bob McIntyre. it won both the Junior and the Senior for 500cc machines. Eventually the pr0< duction two-valve machine put out more power than the Tammy's experimental three-valve racer. The AJS name is not dead. and 248 and 358cc two-stroke moto- cross machines are now being made under the banner of the old marque Its great rival of the 19205 was BSA. It was a company with a different kind ol'imagc. initially for reliable touring ma- chines like the 1924 Roundtank and later 1928 Sloper. although in later years the Empire Star and Gold Star muted them into the sporting cl; BSA stood for Birmingham Small Arms Company \‘ll‘tlch p10- duced various kinds of guns from the Crimean W ' onward. When it ran ittto financial trouble it was discovered that machines w hich made shells could also make bicycle spindles and hubs. and an industry was born. BSA progressed from bicycle parts to com- plete machines by 1910. and the BSA motorcycle was born. The tirst was a 499cc single with belt drive and no gears. finished in the green and cream which was to become its livery. World War I took the company back to gun making. but the bikes came back with peace. with a big V twin added to the singles BSA made a big assault on the TI' with a {10.000 program and six machines: unfortunately not one finished and that marked the end of racing for a long time. The little 250 Round Tank ztnd the Sloper were very successful, even if the parent company was not. A total of 35000 Model 35 (olficial designation of the Round Tank) were built. and the Sloper. with 350 and 500 versions. both side and overhead valve. was a steady number for a decade. The big V twins were the andard Sidecar machine itt Britain, and in the sporting field the Gold Star was invented (a 350 singlet when Walter Handley won a Brooklands Gold Star (or lapping at over lOOmph. The fact that he rode a 500 is irrelevant as there was also a 500 production model, With World War II the company returned to gun manufacture again. except to produce the 500cc side-valve M20. used by the servtces to the tune of more than 120.000 machines. The M20 survived the war and was joined by more exciting models. The vertical tu in A7 500 was not a success. lhe m: BSA trials team Nth their \ra 'c'tr outlils and Harry Perm) on hr. 493“ solo lttnlell Ihe other riders are llcrttc mm llelt] andJ ll Walker. who was killed ll]: following yerrr hm 1rd {0 [hr Mao; (‘mldcn Fldxh MU mm And 1h: Smr Tum. gold mcdulx in tho I U Inluxnutn Sn ‘ ,\o\\ th‘IL‘ \xuc ,~\ ~. m :m. K\\0»Slr0kc~ :md \cmmhlct ulunmlch Lhc Lhrc mm. mm Rockexcupdhlem lzumph A lulf—nu]]im\ Buuunh. cnpicd I'mm Ile. \wru nude “uh 125cc 1 denuse m'1he Compdny \\ hm u l\\u:\|r0kc cngmc up w the 19". \\d_\ mullmwd h ,\ou0n-\\11| . I'Hnmph. \hlmu I BSA 1m :1 lhc GUM camu husk [U mung 4 hum) mun .ll'tcr m T! m “high “on (hr Slur dominated cluh racing in pmzuc hands in \hc 1950: and “0" gm“ ufi‘ecuon among riders and \ xchcrs ulikc The Ann-1 (‘mnpun ' u lucutcd in B|rmingh.|m um bxg m 31 unul u u n bu lh\ BSA and the mo 1mm hc m m >hL|l uunmuu )mm m the 1960» Ariel has chI hchmd famous modcl n. uncs like 111: Red IIun|cr .n “ell \s lhe hmuu» Fours. I'he colnmny began m 18% .md made its first moloruwlu m 1902, lh- [Munuf\!ulmc\rhv z Righx Hill \uhlvlnm ng. Hm {mm mm 4 puddw ~m ht‘me! ‘\u :m Immmg ILNI Ila" U“ ml mm BS \ (mm SI.“ m m: npum “mm! \qlmnul in NE: Helm“ \\ \nhnlwn on hh mu“ [m m (h: IN xc‘glmn m (he mum“ Bum Hnlhvm mm m: bum: hchnsh um- umu‘u‘xm. u» . Ind m Axl'lc: producmg mach-x and quudnqdo Am] nc\cr undcnmk much mum" n u Vin-1m). .Al‘huugh mulch did “cu \th [uncd muchmm One m'n» puhhcu} \lllnh u.» to mount u inn angle on mum \\thh \ucccwl'nll} cnmcd the tnglhh ('hunnc] 4nd hm ugum. mmmu ndcr 1|an pillmn pavungcrx hmh lriulx mien mm nem bunkrup! m (h: Dcprcxxmn m‘ 1"] but Lick Snnuxlcn Mm llecrmmcd BSA. kcpl ‘hc wmpdn} Iunmng \ulh 1| \mullcv mngc ofmndch lhc Rcd Hummx dppczlr m lhvx um m :5“. my. mm 500 gunc \th1h:thmnublcluln up~\\cpl cmmm yupcx and .1 dahhlng uppmluncc 'Ihc “1H \mppcd prnduumn mu‘pl Im' an AH“) mum-L ms 350 W N0. uhlch “(h acluuH} A madllh‘d Red Hunm \l‘m 1hr \uu' lhh mudcl “.h 10mm! h} Ih: lunmwcd um and mum \crlicu] nun» m t was another great name among the singles competing with Norton. the) \t ere tnost efiectite in the . cc class whereas Norton “ch alu'u ‘ in the 350 and 500 class The 250 \1unxman was the machine on which Excelsior fame rested. but It “as selling production machines in the same market. as opposed to the racing «peeials. There has been confusion because there were four unconnected Excelsior makes. mo German. one American and line Engltsh. and it 1> the latter “hich made the grade in the Isle of Man and elsewhere. The E lish machine “as made by Bayliss Thomas from 1896 in Coxentr) and faded :lua) in 1964. r\ll sorts nl~ engines “ere used in the earl} da " Blackburne. .lAP. Villiers‘. \l\l(‘. Minertu. and E\celstors' oun' engine In the curlous \lccltunical Martel “1h made by Blackburne. This :50 “hich “on the 193} Lightucight TT on lls first outing. ridden by Sid Gleatc. had a complicated \al\C gear. “uh two aamshnl'ts \\ orking lnur radial \'al\'es through pushmds, pistons. rollers. bush . and hearings It “as all too much to make for production. anti gate \\l|} to 11 straightt‘ornard otcrhcad-cam 250 single \1:m\mrtn. {allotted by a four-talye Version and then u tum 250 The unions racing \lanxmen in 250 form lthey also made 11 3‘0 and 500 rtttttl "011" nachinel “ere most successful in the 1030». but alter the war Excelstor turned to Villtcrs-engtned. [\\t)r\littke lll’etldrundrbullel machines which \tere practt Al but tlull. although the compan) lll>tl still made its mtn 250cc t\\in t\\'0r\llt7l\C Rtttlge Whittmrth also hit: in singles and tacinty in the golden age at motorc)clt built one del‘ltth of nearly as much enm— plL‘\ll\ as the {tee . lor Mechanical Man e1 it “as the four- \a|\e or Radial Rutlgc which ran 1—27} in the 1930 Junior-IT on its first outing. and went on to other great victories. There it ere tartous versions of the complex t'alte gear. which was the last pushrtid engine to uin a Junior TT. Rudge began making motorcycles with the familiar red hand badge in 191] with a 499cc inlet ot'erexhaust single. The Rudge Multi of 1912 was famous for its introduction of variable gears. and the Rudge Ulster “as yet another motorcycling milestone and a model beloted of two-wheel enthusiasts the world over. The forerunner of the Ulster was the Rudge Four. a single- eylinder 350 and later 500cc machine ttith four valves and four- speed gearbox offered in 1924. The Ulster model came four years later when Graham Walker. the sales manager. “on the Ulster Grand Prix at a shade over 80mph. the first 80—plus win. The machine came first and the name later. and went on to be used on works-replica machines sold to the public. in spite of the success of the Ulster the Rudge was not selling well enough and the com— pan) Went bankrupt in I933. lt limped on in other hands up to the war. but the factory was needed for more important things and another great name bit the dust. The history ofthe British motorcycle industry reads like a long obituary. and yet another once competitive name on the list is that of Royal Enficldi‘Made like a gunf In spite of this sober slogan the factory raced and was successful in trials until it faded and}. in 1967 like so many others. It had begun in 1899. gone out of business in 1907. anti come back in 1910: altogether it spanned a long life. Royal Enfield‘s most famous models are probably the bi "de- yalte V twin of972cc. the K modeL which pulled many a Briti, h famil) sidecar in the 19205 and 1930s. and the later Bullet range of more sporting machines. \\ hich had first four \‘le\ es. then three. then four again. The) also used internal push-rod tubes cast 1i“- Htstnr} or \Iutortyclinu 1*) within the barrel walls. The 693cc Meteor twin and the 736 Interceptor were fore- runners of the modern Superbike but did not sell well enough. The Continental GT of 1965 was ud\ertised as Britain‘s fastest 2501 but it was not enough to sate the company One can 511” buy an Enlield Bullet. but it IS made in India and is not the must modern machine atailable New Imperial is another name from the past with a ring to it. but that model did not have the success or the aura of Norton and ims to fame is that it was the last British machine to Wm the Lightweight 'I‘I' in 1936 The great raeer Bert Ie Vaek rode a New Imperial in the 1922 Junior TTi with :i special machine dohc JAP—powered which had already taken the world one-hour 350cc record and the [1) mg kilometer. the latter zit 83.56mph. He led the race until he fell out. which is typical 01' the New Imperial stnrv A one-lunger favorite perhaps even less distinguished but re- membered W1Ih tillection is the New Hudson. It ran from 1909 until 1952 \\Illl0ut making much impact. although the racer Bert 1e Vaek was involved with this one. as was Jimmy Guthrie. New Hudson departed from one-lung practice \\ 1th a big 770cc V twin in 1913. which is hardly remembered no“ among its subsequent models. Under le Vack. New Httds‘ttn tlitl Come scetind iit the IT once. but prtiduetittn rain but in 193]. In the 194% there \\:is a New Hudson iiutneycle or moped made by BSA. but that \\ as the lttwl. The Bronze Wing appeared in 1930. and the New Hudsm‘l itlti in 1932 with the speedometer inset in the fuel tank. Historians may recnrd the facts but do nnt a1ways weigh the sentiment accurately in terms ofhow the public remembers \tirinus machines, A casein point is the Levis. which was also lost with the war (1939) but has a big place in the affections ot'old-time motorr cyclists. LUVIS was first known for tw0»strokes from 1912 when it brought out the 311cc Baby Levis which went on For about 15 years, It used racing as a publicity tool. btit did not always win. After the first war Levis produced a 250 for the 1920 TT with the same stroke (70mm) as their two-strokes. but with a 67mm here to compete for the trophy For 250 machines. The) run 1273 in the new class. In later years these machines were outclassed. The two-strokes endured and there were nice-looking 250 tII’ILl 350 machines with chainAdriven ohc. but the best one was the 1930 model 350 A2 Ohv machine. The 500 developed from it was not as good. but the last fling. the 600 l‘b\i0l1\l} um \‘Keep I'm the eail} 1\\0-\\l\eeler$: “hen the Amo- C)cle Club decided in run 11‘ ~eleainn lriul» for \hc Brilish team for the lniernunmml Cup races it mapped out |he 15. mile Si Jnlm'» (‘iicuiL Tl|1> slurlcd and finished a1 the \ illuge ofSlJollii‘>. near Douglm Tllh‘ mun eireuii fixllnued mine 0|" the remix used in the \luumuin Circuu. but nm :|l\\i1_\'S in Ihe same direcnon. Thh “m u>cd from 1907 10 1911 \\ hen the races “ere maxed [0 (he \lnunmin (‘u-euu The mun-1h eircun in Ihe 1\ll|1‘lll. 1.1a med in 195‘}. 1\ (he Chpxe Cii'eun 01' 111'“) milex «m \\l‘11[h the 1954 Lighlue hl and MdL‘L'AI '1‘1' menu \\eie licld‘ and subxequcnl \Hlllldf ruec~ up [U 1959 Whereas in |954 u \1 As «Her Ill 12er or [(17.9 miles. in 1‘) [he leng‘h \\ In m 97.14 mile> 01' nine 111px :iml miendcd m 10 laps a 1m in 19) The Lighmeighl TT \\:|\ rnr 15cc machines and {or 15115.1he lumm' for 350» and the Senior {or 5005 In 19-1" “lien 1h: rm 3 uere (L‘Hllncd alter the unr. u» u mri m‘ celebmlmn [he Isle 01' Mun ulxu mn lllree mm 111 (he Mime gi'udings for Clubmun’s maclunex Clubmen “ere road biL \hieh had 10 be kick started rather than pushed all and \hc) “ere rillmxed up in lfllllla' in the Senior. But ilie dill’erence uiih (he ruee \\1|Sll’m[{llllll€ riderx run urge-then ihe ~mzlllcfl and >l0\\c\l HUFUHg firsl.\\llllll1ud>5ulnpr nun that all the \unnen \muld arm: .n the films ume Thi» Inednl 111111 the 13mm riderx had 10 m eiiake (he “hole field Hie Club- man races lasled until 19567in 1955 on the C ”we Circuil»and “ere lhen mm ed to (he mainland. The) hzne been 0 and <00 \Vorld Clmmplonshlps. and \mrlimc dll' Rh He had \mn all four 'IT ruccsiL‘llrurLighIV one year dlmml \wn .lll three I'll» exccpl for m engine fallurc In “eight, nghlweight, Junior‘ and Senior and set lap records In 1m» mum emmpmu n- hm.- \n ,\1\J~llu'l‘. .~ >Ilmmm l! ’m h u Sh kcnln Rah." .-- the 1 wrsu \: all three major races. His first TI' “as in 1922 and his last in 1934 In between he rode OK. Rex-Acme, A15, and Rudge and was regarded as one ofthc finest riders ofhis generation by those who followed the sport. John Hartle was a later performer who iirst appeared iii 105-1 and was killed in 1968 raeing at the same place. Oliur‘s \tnilti: in England. He did well in the Me of Mali and rode iii the Vorton team in its last racing year. 1956 He rode an MY Agtlsta then reverted to his own Norton when the factory had given tip. and a spell on Gilera before going back to Norton Injuries kept him out from 1961 to 1963. and again in 1965 and 1966. but he kept coming back. He was a great and popular rider with a polished st} 1e. Pat Hennen front Phoenix. Arizona, born 1953. won the New Zealand Marlboro Series in 1975, 1976, and 1977 and became 11 Suzuki works rider with Barry Sheene in 1977. when he ran third in the World Championship and won the British Grand Pri\. He also won the most points in the John Player Transatlantic Series in both 1977 and 1978. He began racing at 20 as a professional. after dabbling on scramblers from 16 onward and competing in minor events. winning the American Junior title in 1974. In 1976 he won the 500cc Championship race at Imatra. the first American to win such an event. Gary Hocking from Rhodesia was Welsh born. started racing in 1958. and was killed in South Africa in 1962 practicing for a local car rtttIL. He made t. big impres. in in tli'c Continental circus, winning places at Assen iit Holland. the Nurbiirgring. and in France. He started on his own 350 Norton but won a works ride with the East German M25 and \von races. In 1961 he “on the 350 Championship and also the 500. He won the Senior TT that year and retired from motorcycle racing. Bill Ivy. known as Little Bill because ofhis 5-foot 3-inch stature. began racing in 1959 on his local Kent circuit of Brands Hatch and was killed in East Germany in 1969. He fought a bitter duel with his teammate Phil Read on Yamahas in 1968 for the 250cc Championship and lost by two minutes on time when they both had the same number ofpoints. Bil] liked fast cars and the glamour life of the racing star. but also won races. including the 125cc World Championship with eight Grand Prix victories. The Japanese Takaztlmi Katayama. inevitably knottn to the bike world as Zooming Taxi. “as the first man from his eountrv to Win the 350cc \Vnrld Championship in 1977. Although he h ‘ spent most of his life in Tokyo he came oilginiillt from Kore . and is a successful rider as well as a pop Sll‘lgcr. He \t'astl test ridei for Yamaha before becoming a competitor and is said to hate an aggressive style. but won second place in the 1976 250cc World Championship. Tcuvn Lansivuori comes from I-inland and also answers to Tepl as a nickname. He moved on to road racing from ice meing. speedway. and motocross and won the 1971 Spanish mind I’rix as an unknown. He then mde Yamaha. running 1i1'tlt in the 350 World Championship. then joined the Yamaha woiks tealtl iii 1973. finishing second in both 250 and .151) Championships IIe switched to the Suzuki team. “as third iii the Silt) Championship in 1974. and third in 1975. Since then he has I'IIH his own I'dCIIlg team. Italian Marco Ltlcclltiielli has had more Crashes than wins so far. btit he is quick and i< still in his I\\'t:llllL\ the was 16 iii 1979). He comes from the marble town 01' La Spe/ia. and rode itt hill climbs hel'ore mm ing to road racing on a Yamaha in 1975 \Iexl r he was t!” a Still Sil/iikl. .1I‘Iti\\.1\ third in the I'l’eiteh Gland his iitsl Cildmpitmshtp int-c, tintl \L'L’tmti in Austria. making him runner-up in the championship. He Crashed twice in England. once iti Ital\ and in Holland but “on the Dutch lace in 1977 English iitlt-r Sittcn Piinitli is all up-itnti-Comilig \(thng mall. 24 in 1979. who started Its a HCI‘IItlI’dsilIlC farmer and was taken tip by Bar ' Sheeite. He began racing in 1973 and by 1976 had won the Bri sh Championship and a 1977 ride in the Suiuki works team, after also winning the Graven-nod Award for the most promising rider in 1975. Suzuki dropped him in I978. but he was still placed in international races and is on the way up. Phil Read has a manellous riding record htit became some» thing of an ctr/(ml terrible among the fans \ihcn he CrlliCi/Cd the Isle of Man course and refused to ride there. He began racmg in 1955 and was winning two years later at the age of 18, He rode in the Yamaha \torks team. then for MV Agusta and beat his team» mate Agostint for the 500 title. then Honda. He has won many champions ips and major races but proved a hard man [0 deal wtth: he “as nicknamed ‘The Mouth‘ for his outspoken coni- merits. Kenny Roberts is an American from Los Aiigcles \\ ho “as on top in his own country when he decided to try the European scene. He began at 14. and “as American Champion in 1973 after ninning the Junior Title in 1972. Riding Yamaha he was third in 1976 and fourth in 1977. the year in which he also \\ on four ofthe six Transatlantic Match races. In 1978 he won the Daytona 200 anti attacked the 250 and 500 classes in the \\’orld Championship and is a leading contender among the stars of today. Kel Carrtithers. another American thy adoption) looks after the machines of Kenny Roberts and keeps them in Shape. He was born in Australia and has won races there, in Europe. and in the United States. He won the 250 Championship for Benelli in [9691 then the 1970 Daytona 200 on Yamaha. and was second in the 250 and 350 world classes. In 1974 he retired to run the Yamaha team and take care of Kenn 3 machines in particular. Bob McIntyre from Glasgow Scotland born in 1918. was a great Scottish rider who set the first Mountain Circuit lOUmph lap in the 151: 01‘ Man on a Gilcra Four in 1957. He started racing iii the 1950s and \\ as killed at Oulton Park in 1962 after a meteoric Career. He rode Nortons and AJS originally before turning to norks Gileras and Hondas‘ and was always within sight ofa title but did not quite make it. He took the world hour record on a 350 Gilcru Four at Monza in 1957 at l4lmph. Derek Minter. the British rider known as the King of Brands Halfi’ls began racing in 1948 and \tent on to take records like winning fiye races in one day, Then in the Isle of Man he beat the works Hondas on an old machine in the 1962 TT in the 250cc class. He rodc Nortons Gilera. EMC. AJS. REG \1\’ Agusta. Benelli. Honda and Matchless among others Ne w impeccably professional but lacking a works ride decided to give it all up in 1967. Barry Sheene has become the idol of the crowds in a way that no other rider has done. perhaps because he has happened in an age of ca ' communication when more people are aware of such stars: allied to an immense talent. He is also still the boy»next~ door despite his very succe 'lul career. formerly as a Suzuki rider Barry Stephen Frank Sheene was born on ll September 1950 in London. son ofa former rider. He has won all the big events atid championships, suri‘n ed a l70mph crash. and can make himself understood in six languages. Jimmie Simpson is another ofthe great band of Norton riders. but although much respected and talented he only “on one TT in his life. the 1934 Lightncight. and that on a Rudge. He hcgan riding in 1922 and competed in 26 races (in the Island and finished in half of them He ”‘10th to Norton in 1929 after riding Scott and A15. but still failed to figure in the winning slot. although he did come in second in the 1912 Senior. He did do the first 80mph Continental sidccar battle “tlh aniam'. kric Oliicr (No 55) on Norton being led in the Grand rm dc Merlot by a huropcnn mm lap. and also the first 60 and 70, and rode sidecars as well as solos. John Surtees is the only man to win the World Championship on both cars and motorcycles. He was also alone in winning both Junior and Senior TT races in two consecutive years. John. a Londoners son of a motorcycle dealer. began racing at 17 on a single-cylinder Vincent, then on Norton. Later he was a works rider for MV Agusta, and won both the 350 and 500 World Championships in the same year, 1958. when he also won both the major 1T races He did it again in 1959 and almost in 1960. Eric Oliver was the first Sidecar nicer to use a Vtrcumlincd ‘knceler' in or On which the rider is kneeling down ruthcr thun sitting. and all the others had to follow surt. Eric‘ born 19]] In Sussex. England. was a solo racer on grass and mud before he took [0 three wheels on gm. He begun in I93] and when he retired in 1955 had been champion nfthc world four llmcs‘ in 1049‘ 195(L [951, and 1953, But in I958 he tippcnrcd tignin in thc Sldecur TT, riding ti Norton Domin' nr touring marching with a Walsoniun Monaco ‘chuir‘ in which his lady pusscngcr sat in an _ ’Ihc Ilium» of \lnvnrquing 41 upright touring pmmon He finished lcmh ut ulmo>t 60mph average. SIunIcy Woods from Dublin rude In lib lint Tl‘ (it 17 21nd \wnt 0n competing for I7 ycurs 0n um m isiom winning hmh Junior and Scniur In the same 5cm, 1932 and 1913 He “us :i fluorite with the {um and ttftcr riding Fulton. New lmpcrml. Scan. rind Royul Enficld settled dt)\\n \with tho unhcutublc Nmtun Ulllll tempted away by Gum. llusquirnu. untl linnll}. VClUCCllC \uth whom he Sl 'cd until In» 1939 retirement. H n sh w um” Mw-uw-JH 4n A AAMRR The American Assnciatinn tit“ Mtittirewle Ruad Racers is One ml" the bodies enn- cerned in the management of ruc' o in the United Stutes. It is mm on t'nendl, terms \\ ith the AMA. but has nut :tlwuts been. ABC The Alerritish Engine Compzin} begun in 1913 and the machines were made finall) nnl} in France. until 1935 The designer was Grumille Bradshaw and his 'out was similar to the modern German BMW machine. with a trunsterse flat-twin air- cooled engine. but unlike the shaft-drnen German mllCth it used chain dritc. The model by which iht‘ company is remem- bered is the 398cc uht flat 1\\1n uf 1919 onward made h} the Snpwith At iatiun und Engineering Compan} Limited. at King- stun near London. It had a fourrspeed Carr type gate change and used quarterelliptic leaf springs at both from and rear gears before mun} other machines had sprung frames. The price ruse t‘rum £70 10 £150 due to inflation and [here were production problems leading 10 t‘uultsr particularl) in the \ul\e gear and “11h lubrication, B} 1921 the British cnmpuny had closed down. but machines were made in France by Gnome and Rhone for several years lunger. ABC also made a scooter called the Shoe» tumota with a 123cc engine from 1919 to 1922 which snld well but failed to survite. Aberg. Bengt Born in June 1944 in Sweden he won his first \Vnrld Championship in motocross in 1969: he won again the following year and is one (if the leaders in this sport. Aberg began riding In competition at 16 and has ridden Matchless. Metisse. Husqvurna. and Bullaeo and was Victorious in four of the 12 ranking races in 1970. Continental mom: chit-amt; Agostinl on his full i'ammi in me coup: in winning .m: m hi» mun) t‘hampianshms He in» mm turned to car raein “M Ahingdon This British machine lasted more than 20 years from 1903 to 1925. [r was made by a famous toolmakeri Abingdon King Dick. at Birmingham, originally with various imported engines. but later wirh its own Side-valve After 1925 the bikes wen: called AKD and made with side-valve single- cylindcr engines in various sizes up to 350cc ACC End-to-End Trial This was a trial from the south of England to the north of Scotland ILand's End to John o‘Groats) run by the Auto Cycle Club around the turn of the century in \ihich many famous riders like George Brough took part ic American motorcycle made from 1920 onward until absorbed by the Indian company who used the Ace engine. it was designed by William Henderson who was first involved with the Excelsior. The Ace used a four-cylinder 1229cc air-cooled en- ginc and comprised many special features. Acme The Acme was an English machine made from 1902 until the company amalgamated with Rex of Coientry to produce the famous Rex-Acme motorcycle which did well in competition. The original Acme machines were made with bought-out en- gines. originally inglcs and later 997cc twins See also Rex-Acme Adler Adler was a German maniifi tiirer also known for cars and office machinery lflr eluding typeiiriters. It made motorcycles intermittently for more than halfa century from 190010 1957, mainly before 1907 and after 1949. They were two-strokes, the later ones inclined parallel twins which did well in the smaller classes in racing motor cross and trials, Aermacchi Another Italian aircraft maker. Aeronau- tica Macchi Spa. turned to two-wheel machines at the Varese factory It later he- came the Italian branch of the American Harley-Davidson and is now Cagiva. It started with scooter-like machines and later moved to high performance and rac- ing hicycles, winning many races. Aero-Caproni This Italian aircraft factory at Trento manufactured motorcycles from 1948 on- ward for 15 years. The designs tit-re the company‘s own creation. in small engine siLesr from 50cc to 150cc using both oh\' and ohc and also a variety of frames. both pressed and tubular. AFM The American Federation iifMotorcyclists was a rival body to the AAMRR before the AMA took control of the motorcycle sport in the United States \‘thk \1\\ 4", Giacomo Again.“ at Italy. mit- ai rhi- must successful rtdert c\cl. Agastini. Giacomo One of the great names of modern motor cycling‘ this Italian star. who has recently taken to car racing. has won more than 120 motorcycle Grand Prix races and many world titles. He made his name with MV Agusta and did equally well on the entirely difl‘erent 750 (“o-stroke Yamaha He “as born in June 1942 has won races on every sive of machine. and is one of the great riders ofall time Agusla. Cnunt Canada The man behind the Agusllt machine which carried Agostini to the top. he took over when Ctiunl Domenico Agiista died The family business originally made aircraft and entered helicopter and motorcycle manufacture in the late l‘HOs AJS AJS was one ot‘thc leading Bl'llhh makes for many years. from i909 onward unlll it was absorbed into a higgereiirirhinc ll \Mls 1alxen mer by a competitor. Matchless. in 193] \ihiclr was In turn siialloued up The Slmeih liititheis iiiii» stalled iht- mupanv also \‘uppltctl lllL‘ engines in Aiw. .iimiim Bi lthh maker i‘diHOuS and remembered iiititlcls me the Big Port and the Porcupine. AJW l'lie AJW was a small production British 1926 on hy A ,l nus of unions [Hetlxc\ Rudec. machine tirade from Wheatriii with en ‘ I11Clud1|l£JAP An7ani. Villiers “ruin JR and Stevens. In the postAWorld War [I period machines with 500cc JAP vertical twin engines were planned but never mar- keted becausc JAP was unable to build engmes. Later mopeds were produced with 50cc Italian power units. AJW imported slightly larger Italian machines up to 125cc which were sold under the AJW marque label. Alba Alba was a German make which bcgan after World War I and operated for about five years, although it went on making spares after the production ofmotorcyclcs had stopped. They were fourrslmkc sidc- valves of 200 and 250cc except for one ohv at the end of the production. The factory at Stettin is now in Poland, and at one time also made engines for other makes and built light three-wheel vans Aleyon A French make that went on for more than halfacentury from 1902,A1cyon ran in the Isle of Man IT in 1912 with single-cylinder 350cc machines with four valves and at various times absorbed other French makes, The range included a wide variety of specifications. two-strokes sidc and overhead valve units ranging from 100 to 500cc and used shaft drive on some of the heavier models. After World War II Al< cyon moved down to smaller bicycles for the economy market with bought out en- gines, and eventually went out of business, Aldana, Date Dase Aldana was an American profes- sional racer, born in 1949, from Santa Ana. California who was known for wearing a white skeleton embossed on his black leathers. He did well on dirt tracks, then turned to road racing and was in the American team for the Anglo-American series in 1970. Aldana rode for BSA/ Triumph in the United States, then in the Norton team. and later for Suzuki. After that he bought a Yamaha and Harley- Davidson. but was out of action in [976 with a broken wrist His skeleton leathers caused him to be suspended at one stage in the United States. but the iiuthor' ies re- lcntctl tintl he \\ as allowed to ride again. Allegro A Swiss miichinc made from 1925 for more than 30 yerirs. the AlleUro was successful in rucmg in the 175 iss It used Villiers tuo»stroke engin and there was also a 350 version. with two engines coupled, ridden by the maker, Arnold Grandjean, in 1929. Production bikes also came with other makes of engine. Toward the end Allegro produced utility machines rather than sporting ones. Allright The Allright was an early German ma- chine made from 1901 and sold under dif- fcrent names in diiTerent countries. for example, Tiger, Roland, and in England the Vindec-Special or the VS. Various en< gines were used until Allrightjoined forces With another German company, Cito, and went on to make the KG (Krieger-Gnadig) machine. The products included a shaft- drive motorcycle, and the machines were successful in competition with German riders Eventually Allright stopped making machines about I930 and continued to manufacture component parts for a time, AIVIA There are two organizations with this set of initials: the British Amateur Motor- cycle Association and the American Motorcyclist Association. The British one is a body controlling amateur sport, while professional racing is mn by the Auto Cycle Union which is the British repre- sentative body in intemational racing. The American Motorcyclist Association with headquarters in Westerville, Ohio, has been the American representative body on the international scene since 1970. and is aililiated to the FIM which runs the sport worldwide. Ambassador A British company which sold motorcycles wtth Villiers two—stroke engines from 1947 to 1964, Ambassador also imported the German Zundapp. The former racing driver Kaye Don was behind the company, which was sold to another British maker. DMW, when Ambassador ceased produc» “on AMC This set of initials represents three organi- zations: (l) the British Associated Motor Cycles Limited, former makers of Match- less. AJS. James. Francis-Barnett. and Norton, (2) the American Allied Motor Corporation of Chicago, which made a big V-twin machine from 1912715, and (3) the French AMC company which manufac- tured engines for sale to other companies. AMP The AMF is the American Machine and Foundry Group which owns Harley- Davidson and has owned the Italian Aer- macchi motorcycle makers since 1969. Both brands of machine were known as AMF Harley-Davidsons. until AMF closed down. Amm, Ray A great rider who came from Southern Rhodesia (as it was known then), Ray Amm raced in Europe and was killed rid- ing an MV Agusta for the first time in the lmola 350 event on Easter Monday, 1955. He was 29 and had ridden in the Norton team from 1952, winning many races in- cluding both Junior and Senior TT in the same year, I953. Aneilotti These Italian machines were used mostly for trials and motocross in the 50 and 125cc sizes, and were also sold as the Scarab. Aneilotti has been in business very success- fully since 1967. Ancora An Italian machine made from I923 up to World War II using the British Villiers two-stroke engine, the Ancora won light- weight races and other events in its heyday. Eventually the production facilities were taken over by the Italian Umberto Dei who continued with the small bicycles until after the war, when he began using Italian Garelli engines. Anderson, Fergus Fergus Anderson was a road racer born in Britain in 1909 who was killed racing a BMW in 1956 when he was 47 years old. He rode Rudge. Velocette, NSU, and DKW before World War II and became works rider for Moto Guzzi in 1950, finish- ing second in the 25000 class of the World Championship. He won the 350 in 1943 and again in 1954, and he also won the Lightweight TI" on a 250 in 1952 and [953. Anderson worked as ajoumalist before the war and served in the Navy, coming back to racing in 1947. When he gave up racing he ran the Guzzi racing department. but left in 1955. and then rode for BMW until he was killed in Belgium. Anderson, Hugh Hugh Anderson was a road racer who was four times World Champion. He was born in New Zealand in I936 and retired to Holland in I966. He first rode AJS and Norton and then joined Suzuki in 1962 to ride its small-capacity meets, and won the i i l \iil-s mum‘s m in. 1m uN .iimbmg me nitlgll U1 nil- iu": st-uuisii 5n Luis iini Championship in both sound l3Cs When he retired [min mad racing Andlifr sun took up inulocmss uii a le' serious in his mulme L’le hth‘iness iii A en “here the Dutch Uiand Piix is held. him ham slanting All his um \ndt‘rssnn. Ilakan The S“ edish Motocross Champion. Hakan Aiitlerssmi “its burn in June 1945 Al lidde- \:illa. Hebe; n ridingai It; (in Hiislivar i. and then mmed lu \Iiinziha He has been nut in dullnu \C\L‘r.|l (mics Llue ln serious cixtshes bui l1L|sdl\ht)> come back Anal-iv sun \ias Wmld (‘hiimpinn in the 150 L'ld\\ iii WT} “hen he “on I] (\l 11 races His last mount “Ah the Spanish \Iniiiesai \iiilerssun. Kent ,\ S\scdish mad [acct bum in 1943 no“ hung in (imiicnburg. Kent .tiuicmnn iiiil; liiillzicu. Adler lliisqnii'nii Yamaha. and \I/ lie \son the 125cc Wolld ('liziinr l‘liinsllip in 1973 lui Yaiimha zll‘ltl lClilCtl mm min; in mm .mm mziny \Hns m 'llle‘HLlllillLll Grands l‘i'iy in the l“ and :S‘Hl_is\:s \liei vctiieiiieni he \inrked l'ur timiiii a.» liming ”mg nhtchmus. \ndrrsrnrp (. IrL‘ulI This Miedisii A \as used tin the annual (1U (iiiiinl i'x l' human I07? and 197‘} *\\ i\ Lam‘elletl. and alsn lm lt 'u.inil l’ii\ It has .I 3.407» mIlL‘ lap on mi .iiiiiiuul (”will iii the south ulicii 1hr~ i. the Illiilnl‘ ‘ nl‘Swedcn. accessible in the main limits. \ner‘L'S The Aiidrccs. a German motorcycle. “11> (“Ade from 1933 onward lcr Six years. using British Bradshaw engines in 350 sing]: And 500 mm si7cs at first. and llllcr Blackburn: and MAG units These mar chines “ere successful in compelilmn “illl German riders, but were lulled an by the Depression of I939. \ndrem. )[iclt Mick Andrens l\ a successl‘ul trials rider who has been European Champion twice. Ht: “as born in 1944 at Elton in Derby» shire. England and when \ery young started riding on a James. After he became a Yamaha works rider he went to Ii e in Holland. Befure lhul he rode Bultaco and won the Scottish Six Days five times in six years. sometimes tin lhc Spanish Ossa. With Yamaha he \i as SLHLl to he the viorld's highcflrl‘luld trials rider. AnglUrAmOricnn Transatlantic Series The Anglo-American Transatlantic IS a series nl‘ mad races between British and .Ag, 3.- — \mlrrxmui \rlrl <1 llnned Sims) Mum. “huh mg“ m 101 Suptrblkm usmg Anker Ankcr \\;h a German blcyclc mum \xlm m. pmduccd mopeds mlh 51m cngum and mulm'cyclm up w 350cc fax [0 )th nom 1949. The complm} gin: up ml» \xlleelexs in [mar of hu 'nen muthlncvy. hul “em out nl‘huxinms ulmgclhcy m 19% Anwhcidt, Hans-Georg l'lm German Iidm has bcun \uplunk‘ on [he miniwulc 500C Kreidler machinax \lncc 1962. when he was second m the World Championship. Ansehcidl nlm \mn lhc Spumsh Grand Prix lhrcc limb In lhl~ cm and was runnerrup .u the World Championshlp in l962 und 1963. He \hcn s\\|(ched m Su/uki and “on the ml: for lhut firm as well Antique \lomrcgcle Club The Anuqut Mnmrqcle Club. 1m Amcnr can orgum/uuon {or xhe owncu of old muchmcs. \\ a5 founded m 1954 and cum» re. hikes nude before 1930 Thg rsl prcmr dent mu Henr) Wing. Semolx Lmd [he ~ccrcmr} was Emmett Vow-c. \ulh mllcu- tor Tcd Hodgdon a' \ch prmdcm The club hnlds mum. meelings \th lumuum Compelmons m “mum purb ol‘lhc Unilcd Slates. Aprilia Aprlliu 15 :In lllllmn m o-m-olc mud mmll} in Iliul». muuulllcluwd mm: 196% 'lhc company um» 12} Him and Such) cngmca fox i|s>p0rllng. muls. uml mmnum» lukcs. bul hm alw used Minurclll and h'uncw \loylm pmu‘r plum. mm: \\llh:1\<\pccd gezllhuw» Aprlliu (\lm mukb mlldrgmng ‘Ucc hll‘cs. mmc ul' “llldl :Ilc mlll umlcl Ihc Schbcn mluquc name \rdlL- Aulm Ll(3CVI‘HJI1lllllkC.L‘dl]k’Onlhk‘lnlll‘ kcl Allfi \Vm'hl “Eu 1 m I‘ll‘) and hmcd I'm 4“ 3cm» l‘mm Almul 1925 h uwd Bum HP unguw m \meh \l/c» from 25x) up u» llWIcc. mml- \mglc and wmc [mm [mm lhlcx’ m 1'qu ullm cm. m nukc» \mc uxml m “ell. And :ll‘lcl [945 lhcrc “cm I\\«»r\uul\cs, In th‘ 193m :qu 19]le Aldlc m Al‘lHL‘ in many Ariel ll‘lh Bnmh nuchlnc Wm nmdc {mm IUH‘, umll IL \m» llhmrhcnl h} BSA m the WSW \Icmmhly mmlrl'» \xmc lhc sllum | um «ml lllc Rm Hun!" m w‘l Klghl Hit- in L:t;l\\\m|h. t usui \«tut PilllH. smut midt- in mi, in iv); new 11k- Jllruvntlurnn Senior I l .ignn in ms \uymn umnmg mu Annmnng up Armstrong, Reg Reg Armstrong was an Irish road racer from Dublin who started at 17 and retired ufter a successful career “hen he was nnly 29 He rode as a professional for AIS. Norton. Gilera. and NSU, l-le rode the famous AJS Porcupine and was then sccnnd string to Gcofi Duke on Norton and Gilcru. His most famous \nn was in the la _ SeniorTT \\ hen the primary chain of hi\ \mrks Norlon snapped and fell off as he crossed the line to take the Winner's checkered flag. Ascot-l’ullin This \ m udiunced British machine for its )eur. hut tailed to make much Impact. ll came on Ihe market in 1928, ofl'ering hydraulic hrukcx cnclnsed ChfllnSV and dryrsump lubrication on n SlllglE-C}llndef machine purll) enclosed and with wind- shield and leg shields. all for £75. It was made at Lelchworth. Hertfordshire. north nf London. Front and rear wheels were interchangeable. but in spite of its elabor- ate specification it lasted only 11 couple of )Cill’S. The engine was t: fiat 500 ohv. Aspes Aspes is an Italian maker ofmorocross and cross~country machines which are also run in trials, using various small engines 0150 and 123cc Minarelli or Franco-Morini Although they have usually five- or six- speed gearboxes. these little machines are \ery light and can weigh 2001b fully equipped Association of Pioneer Motor Cyclists This English club was formed in 1928 for those cyclists who had held a license in 1904 or before. Later. as the members died off. the rules were changed to bring in Companion members who have been rid» ing for 40 years and Pioneers who have ridden for 50 years The Association nor» mally holds several meetings a year. Austrian Grand Prix Held since 1971 on the new Salzburgring near the town of Saltburg. the Austrian Grand Prix has been much er' led by riders on safety grounds. The circuit is also Used for car races and is surrounded by metal Armco barriers. which do not please the two-wheelers. Before Salzburgring the Austrian race was held on a number ofdif- ferent circuits but did not rank in the World Championship series. Auto Cycle Union (A(, ) The Auto‘Cyele Union Is the controlling body of motorcycle sport in England. hav- ing begun in 1903 as the Auto Cycle Club. an olTshoot ofthe Royal Automobile Club. It now issues about 10.000 licenses a year to racers. and runs events like the British Grand Prix and the Isle of Man TT. The organi/ation consists of more than 50.000 members belonging to more than 700 motorcycle clubs. based in 20 centers. Automate Automoto was the French machine made from 1901 onward until absorbed by Peugeot. who also hold the old Tenor ma chine and others. The Automoto used various makes of engines (Chaise. JAP. Villiers. Zurcher) all usually under 500cc and tended to be solid and reliable rather than fast and sporting. Autry. Scott Scott Autry is an American speedway rider from Maywood. California. born in l953. who was a scrambles specialist before he took to the dirt track. He is one of the few American riders to move over to Europe and achieve success in this branch 01‘ the sport He has also ridden all over the world and reached the final of the World Chflmr pionshipin 1976. At’us Circuit This Berlin Clrcull comprised of [\th straights linked by U-turns was opened in 1920 and last used in 1967 In 1927 the banked curve linking the two parallel ,imitiningst . straights was added, hut after World War [I the circuit was split up by the division of Berlin. The original 12 43 miles came down to 5.151 miles with a new south curve. used from 1951. AWO The AWO was a German machine built at Suhl. 'lhurtngia. East Germany. in a former car factory from 1949 onward and incorporating a 246cc singlc~cylindei ohv engine with shaft driic There were also racing models With ohc. both srngle- and twin-cylinders. The name was later change «l to Simson iii‘tcr Slm~tlll-Sllpt’ ii \‘ptll’lv ing car made in the 1920s in the ‘iictory now producing bikes. _ _ Baker. Cannonball Cannonball Baker is the Ilimed American record breaker \ihti started the ci-ossv Amt-mi run from Lox Aiigt-tes in New York. 3332 miles. in 1922 titling an Act: motorcycle. He went on to make many iriiigrttisiiiiicc mic. met the )ctlts. Baker. Stew American llllltlrlrtCll’lll star from llclllngr ham. Washington State. State Baker was born in 19‘1. He started on dirt track». but won the HM 7511\Vorld Championship in hi» lint ' ill hrinm In 1977 and Mn xccrtm! in t Wt Sl‘rm’l rmu bespectacled. Baker I\ \.i Vi H: mm the Canadian Chumpiur-J l‘ t‘ “V4 and W7i Al'ltl “lb lll\l\L\Zl1 n in .n w tli tlrt- W75 Irzmy .illzmtic 1-; 1 it inn ( 0| Ilr: m Tmmzitltmt \ ‘ leil 197 it 'jitd Yziintihu for 1977 in. ‘m/u‘n in: 1‘?“ Baldct. Andre Andre Baldct IS a motorcycle dealer from Northampton, anland, who spurinlizcd m rccords 0n the Iiulran Vcspzi scooter \ihich “as also asscmblcd in England by Douglm He rode up Snowdon. the Welsh mountain. (in ii 125cc machine viilh side- Car. and did 100 laps oflhc Isle Of Main "IT ClrL’ull [3775 miles) in 100 hours on a 15000 Vespu. wrth DCnI‘lIS Chl‘lSHun LlS co»rider. He also rode through nine countries in 10 days wilh a 150cc and sidecur. COVL‘I’Ing 3620 miles Bullinglom Korlr ThlS South African road nicer had his first Snulh Ann-um Kork mnmgmn nsn ”he“ wr-n n. AICIIUHlbclnvkld\§ll\k'l'>|01h. knglnnd Righl Jnhn Hank» wrung m [he I) mm mm mumrm (mm I'm in M71 season 01' European Grand Prix racing m 1975 and has made a hug impressron. In hrs first outing :1! Barcelona he won the 350 even! than year. He won both the 250 and the 3506c world nuns on u Kuwznnkr in I978. Ballinglon set a cla. lap record in lhc Swedish Grand an at Anderslorp on 2| Yumuha m I977 21187 X75mph to finish second Hr: “on both the 250 and 350cc world litlcs m I979 RAM The BAM was a German motorcycle in the 193m whrch was really am impnrlcd [lclr gran FN, German} did nul pm mu nnpnm {ll (his umc. \o I-N munul'uclnrcd Innrh- Kama mus undcr (ht mm nl' Hernn Anchnrm Vlulmrzulwmku (HAM) l'mm [hp “mks m Aachen ncnr the border. The rungc in- cludud :1 mm. 350. and 500cc model Banks. Julln Blllhh Mulmnm f'humprun John Hunks rx from Bury St Edmnndx Snfi'olk uhcn: Bulb 5“ he “as burn in [944, Ha> been (our Iimci British 500cc (‘hampiun and runner-up l\\ ice tn the \Vtu'ld ClLll’ltPlttlhl‘llP. He :tttt‘ted in 1960 at 16 on a Dot. and finished third in the Sum Grand Pm in 1‘J6l: in [963 he rode in the BSA \\ nrks team Buragttanalhr E C E Generally lxntmn Rh Tetl m Bart}. this famed Britix‘h Brtleands rider retired itt I‘ll”V \\ hen he \\‘.|,\ Sllyeam 4 He liked to race in a \\ “1ng enllar under his leathers. and rude supercharged Brough Superior l\\lan_\lillLlL‘r machines ultich he pteparetl lttmscll' Baragu'attath med a Power Plus bltmet m] the lllflllcc JAP t\\in. pulling a \‘lrL‘nlttllltL‘d Sidecar. and >et many lap records. Hi> sidecar (ltslgn \\rl\ unplCLi lh: mime ret’t‘tdrttrettke: rt t trimguimuh m hi» mm litmigh stood for ‘Bext Alter Tests.‘ “as made from I902 to 1936 The Company “as the Hat Motor Manufacturing Company of Penge in Lnndon. named from a Mr S R Bulmn “ho ran it. and the slogan followed [1 \tutted \vtlh De Dion engines and origin- ally made many Spurting bicycles and «tfl‘eretl a sprung rear \\ heel A Bat finished second in the I“ in-cyhndet'class in the NOS Tl' ridden by \V H Bashall at }7.18mph using a JAP engine me 1904 (in: com- pany nus owned by the Tessier family. and S J Tessier finiahetl in the 1913 TT in cletenth place. In I923 Bat lottk m‘er Martinayde and called the machine the Bat—Martinsyde. but it did not sunite Butauts Batat us was the big Dutch bicycle manu- facturer \thich began in [904 and produced its first tnmnrcycle in the 19303. It took our the Dutch Cttmpun)‘ of Magneet in 1969 and some German compantea a year latet. In 1970 it became purl ofthc Laura Group and used Laura enginu itt mm! of liaragwartathiBH so its mopeds. \i'ith Sachs in the sporting machine. Ba iius mopeds rather than motorcycles. with a reputation for high quality. Bauer Bauer was a German bicycle manufacturer from 1936 which “cut into mopeds with Sachs engines. After the war it continued on ivith small motorcycles up to 250cc but ran into financial trouble: Bauer gave up motorcycles in 1954. but kept going in the cycle market. Bauer, Willi \Villi Bauer is a German motocross expert born near Stuttgart in 1947 He has ridden a. CZ, in the works Suzuki. . an KTM teams. He won the 500cc Championship in 1973. and was srxth in the 250 class in 1974 Beardmore-Precisiart Beardmore»Precision was a British com- pany with factories in England and Scot- land from 1921 to 1924. They made 250, 350. 500. and 600cc motorcycles with their own Precision engines and also sp cial rac- ing models with a different spec ation. The range even included a sleeve-valve model. Bean. Francis A British tuning expert best known for his work on Nortons, Francis Beart was born in 1905 near Beccles. Suffolk, England. and began racing himself before turning his attention to engine tuning. He prepared machines for many successful riders for many years. Beaulicu Beaulieu. in Hampshire. England. is the home of the National Motor Museum which houses many famous and historical motorcycles as well as cars and other trans— por1 exhibits. It was founded by Lord Montagu. whose father was a pioneer motorist. Beeston Beeston was a pioneer English model made in Coventry and owned by the infamous H J Lawson who tried to control all motor manufacture in England. The motorcycles had cycle frames with the engine in an un- usual position behind the bottom bracket and in front of the rear wheel. The [.75- horsepower De Dion engine. made from about I897 to 1910, was incorporated into the motor bikes. ssentially a maker of Bekami) The Bekamo was a German machine origr inally made in Bcrlin. and later produced at Rumburk in Czechoslovakia from 1923 to 1930. It had some unorthodox features including a big diameter top tube to the frame which functioned as a fuel tank. an idea used by other makes later on. The first models were 124cc but later they were 174 and 250cc. Belgian Grand Prix Between 1921 and 1937 the Belgian Grand Prix was held on various circuits. but since 1937 it has taken place on the Spa-Fraiicor- champs track. which is mainly public roads that have been abandoned by car drivers as too dangerous The circuit is 8.76 miles to the lap and is sometimes dry on one side and wet on the other. Race aierage speeds are ofthe order of l 10mph. Bell. Artie A road racer born in Ulster. Northern Ireland. in 1915. Artie Bell rode in the works Norton Team until he crashed in the 1950 Belgian Grand Prix and had to give up racing because ofa paralyzed arm. He joined Norton in 1947 and was placed in four Isle of Man TTs. He was also :1 trials and grass-track rider before taking to road racing, and was associated in business with the McCandless brothers who developed the Norton racers. Benelli The Benelli is an Italian machine produced by the Benelli brothers from 1911 onward In addition to production machines in various sizes they have been successful in racing since the I939 Lightweight Tr with Ted Mellors on a 250cc mount. The factory was taken over by Alessandro de Tomaso. who also owns Moto Guzzi. in the 1970s, Bennett. Alec Alec Bennett was an Irish rider born near Belfast in 1898 who rode in only 29 top events but won 11 of them. He first rode dirt track in Canada. but returned to Britain and worked for Sunbeam as a road tester. He also rode in its racing team with thc famous George Dance and Tommy de la Hay. Bennett latcr rode Douglas. and won the French and Belgian Grands Prix and the Senior TT on a Norton. and the Junior TT on Vclocettc. Beta The Beta was manufactured in hill) and sold in the United States under the name ofPicmier from about 1950 oiiuard [i ran up in srze front 50cc to .150 and included motocross and trial versions. and some with five» or six»speed gearboxes, Belts, Terry Terry Belts is an English speedway rider born in 1943 who has reached the top He started at 17 and rode for Norwich in eastern England. then the London West Ham Club. Long Eaton. and Kings Lynn He won the World Pairs title with Ray Wilson in 1972, and has been ii consistently high scorer for more than a dozen years. Bianchi A great Italian company, Bianchi pro- duced many v ieties of machine from 1897 until it closed down in 1967. Eduardo Bianchi made his first machine by fitting an engine to a bicycle but went on to much greater things. He made many models over the years and first appeared in the Isle of Man TT in 1926. when Luigi Archangeti finished fourteenth on his 350. Bianchi stayed away until 1960 when it returned With six machines, but failed to make any impression on the results. Meanwhilethere were successful road machines. ranging from 50 up to 500cc. from singles to fours, Bickers. Dare A British trials arid scrambles rider. Dave Bickers was born in January 1938 near lpswich in eastern England. He started at 15 on a Dot and went on to ride BSA and Jawa, then Grecves. on which he won two European titles In 1966 he was taken on by the CZ cornpan ' whose machines he imported into Britr n. to ride in the 500 World Championship. and won the British title. He retired from world class events in 1968. Blackburnt- The British Blackburne motorcycle “as made from 1908 until 1911. when the two Barneys. Alick and Cecil. proceeded to make engines for other people after design» ing both engines and complete machines. Another British maker. ()EC (Osborn Engineering Company). Continued to make the Blackburne Marry makes. including Cotton. had success with the Blackbiirne engine. BM BM t\ an Italian manufacturer which be» gun operating from last) onward. using Various engiiies' 11o. Ft'zinco-Mor'ini. and \omc of its own design with oh\ or ohc nu in “m rungmg rmm 50 up In 175 The stand {or the producel. \mm BM“ Onc uf lhc groan w‘ucccn mum of lhc motorcycle 1ndu~lr)_ lhh German com pan} bu d m .\lumch nmx hm u» mnum qclc mum“ m Burlin, Thu nrvginul flur- min hnr170n1u||_\-opp0»ed deslgn b) Max Frxz w.“ produced In 1923 with mun drin- md i> ~1i11 \clling \xclltad-‘1}.rxllh‘mglrlhn b11310 format has been much refined (Her {he yeun. Bohmcrlnnd Some cm'um'dmur} muchmu» \\L‘IL' prn~ duccd by ”1“ C/cch {Hum} bcmccn 1925 and 19,19. Some were ule mld under |he numc Ccchrc. and [hey \xcrc \cr) long. «um-lime: wilh mm {or (hrs: people Bohmcrlund used a 600cc singlercflindcr nh\ cngmc dedgncd h} Albm Iicb'th. The lam model “(IN (I 350 luo-slrok on more normal lines Hohmerlund wen uki ' LIN Aluminum whack bL-I'urc Wurlu Wm H _ mgle Bunniksen Speedometer The Bunmksun chronnmemc speednmclcr with lwn needles gm: 1m accuralc rcading and \\‘Lh used m1 curly hrghrperl'ormance machmus Onc nccdlc held the reading uchimcd “hill: the olhcr went back In slam r e. In, Boucuck Brothen These mo Enlish Speedway riders. ngc] horn in 1937 and Eric 6 } an laxer‘ “ere bmh Al the mp and as a pair won third pluccin the 1970 \ orld P r< compelilion. They Came from York hire: Nigel rode for Cotenlr} for 17 )ean’ before retiring in [976. and En: rode for Huh! .reliring in 1974 Jfier “innmg the B h Final. Lei! 8““ y, \ofld-r on] mJVhIm‘ rlddcn by hum Helm: m m .5111 R|ghL [NW Rluo KS \\||h‘1}s‘0fl;\(~l\\ln :ngme Hula“ Len Hem Mme RIOURS Bem- lhu mg Bee I-m mmng B\1\\7Bunmck Bremen nl The um Brough Superior SSltJU mm htgrtmn cngllw Borgo This ltalian make ran from 1906 to 1926 and “as successful in competition, The two Borgo brothers founded the company and a third designed engines which they used. They ignored the economy market and tnade machines from 500cc upward. both single and twins. some With four valves per cylinder. and one as early as I921 which peaked at 6000rpm. Boulger. John An Australian speedway rider from Ade- laide. John Boulger became an overnight sensation in British speedway when he scored ll from a possible 12 points at Long Eaton. Derby'shire. England. on his first appearance in 1967 He has since become a top rider in Australia and mice National Chdt’nplnn. led the Australian team to \\in the 1976 World Cup. and was second in the World Pairs linal \\Ilh Phil (‘rump in 1974. Boulger moved from Long Eaton to Crad- ley Lntted. \(lil ill the British Midlands. in 197-1 Bradbury An important British model in its day. the Bradbury “as produced from 1901 to 1925 in a factory In the north of England at Old- ham, Laneashtre. The company made models lll \Iil'itilh engine sizes. mostly the lat'gei' mo and 7am singles and mini. but the List “as a m single Bradshaw. Crantille Grariulle liradshao “its a British designer who produced the AB(' in 1919. hating “orked out details during the \tar when he “*5... a”. was working on aircraft engines which used air cooling He was associated with many other machines later. but the ABC which was ahead ol‘ “5 time is one of his monuments It was similar in layout to the BMW. \\ hrch came on the scene later. with a chain final drive through bevel gears. Brands Hatch Brands Hatch is the British racing CerLlll 20 miles south of London \ihieh started as a grass track in 1926. originally for bicycles. and has been used for motorcycles from 1932 It “as extended from time to time and no“ has a 2,65-mtle lap on the main course. plu. a shorter club circuit achieved by Cutting out a loop which had been added in the course ofthe development. This cu'» euit has al\\ ays been a special fin oritc with motorcyclists. Brnun. Dieter This German road racing star was born in 1943 at Ulm. began his career in mom» eross. and switched later. He started road rating on a Yamaha. won the German Championship on an Aermacchi. and then rode MZ and Su7uki. on which he “on the 125cc title, Subsequently Braun moved to Maico. and won the 1973 350cc Cham- pionship. He was riding a Morbidelli 350cc in the 5000c race at Nurburgring in I976 in the West German Grand Prix \thcn he crashed heavily and sufiet'ed serious in- Juries. Bridgeslone Bridgestone is a Japanese firm better known as a tire manufacturer, but which f. _ / ’ \Y 1/r\ also made motorcycles for about 20 years from 1952 onward. The machines were mostly small fry. but later there were models up to 350cc with twin- linder engines but still using the rotary valve two» stroke like the mopeds Bridgcstone ex» ported special versions to the United States before deciding to gite up motorcycles and concentrate on tires. which it supplies to most Japanese makers of bike and ear. Briggs. Barry l‘his Ne“ Zealand speedway rider. born in December 1934. has taken world speedway by storm. He came to ride for the Wimble- don. London. team in 1950 at 17. won the world title in 1954 and qualified to run and was placed in etery linal up to 1971. win- ning three times more. He rode for Ne“ Crass. Southampton. and Swindon Robins. and has ‘retired‘ three times. the last in I976. British Cycle 3.- Motorcycle lnduslries Asst» cialion (BCBIIA) This body succeeded the British Cycle and Motorcycle Manufacturers and Traders Union and in turn became the Motor Cycle Association. It promotes motorcycling and lobbies on behalf ofthe industry and allied interests. British Cycle 3' Motorcycle Manufacturers & Traders Uninn (BCMMTU) See above entry. British Drag Racing 8; Hot Rod Association This is the body which organizes sprinting and drag racing for both cars and motor- fl .tg mm flfimff‘j"."'.ff litirgtl liulta cycles. It also runs meetings at the Santa Pod Raceway on a disused airfield in Northamptonshire north of London. which has been in use since 1966. British Grand Prix The British Grand Prix is the British round in the road-racing World Championship run by the Auto Cycle Union, the British delegate to the FIM. The Isle of Man was the British round until 1973 when riders said the 37.75-mile circuit was too dangerous. Since then the annual race has alternated between Brands Hatch and Silverstone. Brit h Motor Cyclists Federation This organization formed in 1963, origin- ally as the Federation ofNational and One Make Motorcycle Clubs (Fenomsee) but non open to all motorcycle club. It looks after all interests of riders outside the sporting sphere. vihich is the province of the Auto Cycle Union. Brooklands Brooklands is a British banked circuit for ear and motorcycle racing. the first of its kind in the world. which opened in 1907 and c10sed with the War “1 19394 There were three tracksi the 17' mile howl. which with the fifllsl’llng straight was 3.25 miles. known as the Outer CerulL the Mountain Circuit around the Members Hilli and the Campbell Circuit which added internal roads to the track. Brough. George George Brough is a British maker ofluxury motorcycles. His father made a machine under his name viith ABC engines. but George left and started his own production under the title Brough Superiori which has also dubbed 'the Rolls-Royce of Motor cycles," HIS models \\ ere mostly .lAPtviins. but there were also fours. all iery expen- s'ttelymade from I921 until World War II. George has also a raceri and later other famom riders raced his machines, Brown, George In some \tays‘ George Broiin via: a rival of George Brough. although they uere not of exactly the same period. Brown was born in 1912 and always rode Vincent ma- chines. made by the firm vihieh employed him. These were also bigtwins in the luxury class. but most production was after World War II. when George Brown broke many records with his specral machines. He died in 1979. Bryans. Ralph Ralph Bryitns is H road racer from North» ern Ireland horn in 1948 “ho \\ as domi- nanl until 1967. He competed in various forms of motorcycle sport before detoting himself to road racing from 1962 onward. when he was signed first by Bultaco and then Honda. In 1964 he was second in the 50cc World Championship. which he won the following year. He \t on the Isle of Man SOee TT and set a lap record never broken at 86.49mph, BSA BSA was one of the biggest motorcycle producers in England from the early years The practical ns\ lloxerttomof1979mm it hlggcr hanger iheltmi, the 500cc (iolri Still Fllltit’ll in J Vt r) \lcln the iustt'hihmiih‘t ll ol'the century until iztken mer m the 1970s In 1979 the name “its brought back on mopeds made by Ntirltil‘ierlliL‘ts‘th‘i- umplt. Famous models were the Rountir tank (1924). Sloper [1938). Gold Star (1960). and big twins for Sidecar \Hll’k in the early days. Bultaen This famous Spanish sporting machine was made from 1958 onward by Francesco Xavier Bulto in Barcelona. The Bullaco range includes two-strokes with very high output which dominate four-wheel Kart racing. and trials and motocross models with engines from 74 to 350cc. h C Caltliorpe This British motorcycle. made from 1911 up to World War 11. made many friends although it was never in the top racing bracket. Calthorpe used difi'erent engine makers (JAP. Precision, Villiers. Black- burne) until manufacturing its own 350 and 500cc units When the firm went broke a member of the Douglas family bought the remains and built a few machines be fore selling it again to BMW, Carnatliias, Florian Florian Camathias was a popular Svtiss Sidecar driver. born in 1924. who was killed at Brands Hatch in 1965. He used a BMW most of the time with the sidccar on the right in British fashion. and his privately entered outfit rivalled the official BMW entries to their embarrassment He had several different passengers one ofwhom. Hilmar Cecco. was killed. Camathias tried a new machine called a Florian Camathias Special (FCS) still with a BMW engine. and finally a four-cylinder Gilera. He came close to the world title in 1959 but wasjust beaten. and was second again in 1963. Campbell, Keith Keith Campbell. Australian rtiad ra came to Europe in 1951 after local success and was killed in ' 500cc race in 1958. Hi: rode a works Guzzi in 1956 and the follow- ing year won the 350cc class in three Grands Prixi he was second in the TT, and fifth in the Senior on a 500cc single. That year he took the World 350cc Championship. When all the works teams pulled out (ex. cept MV Agusta) in 1957 he item on with his private Nortons until he was killed. Campioii The Campion is a British machine made from 1901 to 1926 by 21 Nottingham bicycle maker who used seven different makes of engine in bicycles from 150 to 1000cc. They were Blackburne, Fafnir. JAP. Minerva. MMC. Precision. and Villiers. the larger models With JAP V twins and a very im- posing appearance. The 1\'ew Gerrard was also built at the Campion works for the last two years before they closed down. Cari—Am This off»road two-stroke machine was made in Canada and Austria by the Bom- bardier Group whose main output is snow— plows and snowmobiles. The company has been going since 1937 but embarked on motorcycles in 1970. It makes a number of other products also. Jeff Smllh. who was with the English BSA company for 20 y ars and a motocross champion. joined Can- Am to help with the design. The factory makes 125. 175, and 250 machines with rotary-Valve two-stroke engines and a six- speed gearbox. It has had much success in otT—road competition. Capriolo Capriolo is another Italian aircraft factory which built motorcycles for 15 years from 1948 onward. 1t produces various types with both pressed-steel and tubular frames. mostly with small engines either two-stroke or ohc, but there was ' ‘ an ohv tlat twin of only 150cc. Capriolo also makes three- wheel vans with the same small engine. Carabela A Mexican maker of both oH—road and street machines for the American market. Carabela has been in business front 1971. making two-strokes from 100cc up to 250 for motocross and bndum. The company started off with imported engines until its own were ready Carlton A British maker of bicycles dating back to 1913. Carlton is now part tiflhc giant Tube Investments Raleigh Gmup. Belore World War 11 it also produced Villiers engined two-strokes in tlle 125cc class Carruthers, Kel Kel Carruthcrs is an Australian mad racer horn in 1938 who came to Europe in the in my 19605 and was third ill the 1968 \Mirld Championship on a 350cc [\Cl'nlttt‘chl '1 lie next year lie won the 250 TT on a Beliclli and also the world title. and then tit-iii to the United Sta ' to race a 2511 \amahli and won six 0! seven national races. Casal This Portuguese machine “as made from 1966 onward with tivo»stroke engines from 50 up to 250cc. Before (‘asal began making its own engines Zundapp motors were used. Oddities include a water-cooled 511cc and there are also oil-mad models, CCM The CCM is a successful English moto- cross machine which came on the market in 1971. It was designed by rider Alan Clevts. at first using BSA parts but later was manufactured to their own design, Top riders have had success on CCM 500 and 600cc ohv singles. Ceeotto. Johnny Johnny Cecotto is a Venezuelan rider who won the World 350cc Championship at 19 years ol'age in 1975. The year before he had won both the Venezuelan and Latin Ameriv can Championships. and had ridden at Imola and Dayttina. in 1976 he won Dayv tona and was second in the 350 Champion- ship on a Yamaha. In 1978 (‘ccutto “as second at Daytona and has had many other successes. Lniled Stitics .W (T An llalmn racer. L‘l- began in 1918 Ltnd mn unlll I937 “hen it “As bnugln h} Another Cnmpum, .—\t that nmc it was "Liking 175 and 250m- bikes. but hut-r re-entcrcd the market until 197] \\tlh 50w um-strnke mopeds. Clutter» ea {‘hlllerchl is It British mute tmm Lcit'li» \\m'th in Hcrtl‘ordxhtrc “high h ‘ n in I‘M! and is still in business but no It) making mtfltlt’Qt‘lb. The manufacturer used 1-1 different makes of engine before producing its 0\\n On: 01 the ClélwtC models “m u big mint-t- \lmm pnpuldt‘ for sides-Ar outfits (‘h‘ML‘FLcd hcld thc \mrld 'fiimg ktlumctcr regard m 1926 at 101.90 mph in th: 35K) and 500cc chimes and also \\ on Continental rat-es Cimatti This Italian firm makes small machines mth engittts up [0 [Vice using other pm- Pl'lL‘lJl} engines. It hti~ hct‘n going \ll'lcl: law, making both street And onrmud nmmrquc» 4nd mopet‘h (‘itn ("no \tth u \\C11-)\|1t‘\\n Germun multt-r. .mgimni whit-it” {mm 1005 It hlttl ;. tmnplm lll\lt\r)_ onlr null) making both ~ln“1‘> Ltllti hum :it Sultl (non in Eust (jumnuni. ixlmc thc Kris-gnu» imit'u l\rl\ .tiitl built ("no muk mcr the prmluv lieu of ihex‘c KG mtichmcx “high “em ltll'g‘ .iu the SW) i Allrighi then nmk mcr (‘itu tlllti umunucd mnking IlIC KG ll! 1th ("I10 “”er until NIT (lenient—Gladiator t‘it-msmmmHim tins ii pimicm‘ French lln Hmixh ('|)nu mmmni \\.\\ hcttt'r tnmw tur «.tl\ than this 1‘11! tittvdcltiltt751lnt The \mmtin t‘tm t‘lJnd tour or 1929 uscd r. 9969:: inch Mei nlmnst lijnut but l| tailed In sell company in business with both cars and motorcwlcs from 1399. although the motorcycles came later than the cars. There was also l| Clement model. sold in England as u Clement-Gurrard. The Clement» Gladiators ranged from 100 to 500cc and there was it 250m: ohv JAP-engined model which did well in competition in the 19205, Clement-Gladiator lasted until 1935. al- thnugh Adolphe Clement retired in 1914, Cleveland The Clet'elzind is an American motorcycle \\'|lh a 332cc singlcrcylinder two-stroke en- gine and u two-speed gearbox made from 1915 to 1927 b} at car factory In Ohio. Later it went up in size to 26966 with {I more rnbust frame. followed h} a 330cc Side- valve 011 similar lines. Finally Cleveland mmcd into competition \\ith Ace and Henderson with 2| four-cylinder 600. which ( l“7(‘1ll‘L(’l|l| (.7 failed to sell. This “as followed h} a 750 and eventually a lOflOee model with a guaranteed IDOmph top speed. but the great depression came before many were made Clubmans TT The Clubmans T1" is a race on the Isle of Man course for amateur riders on produc- tion machines which began in 194‘) Clyno This British motorcycle was made by the Clyno Engineering Company Limited from 1909 to 1923 when it abandoned two-wheelers to eoneentrate on our priy duetion. The first machines were of 380 and 744cc with the Clyno Patent l’ulley to gite Variable gears on the belt t1ri\e. The next year the pulley w“ s dropped in favor of a normal epicyelic gettri and then came the famous 576 horsepower twin for side- car use, This proved its worth as a machine- gun carrier in World War 1. The last model was the 8 horsepower twin with a spring mine. which never teally got tttlt‘ martin» tion as the ear boom occupied the “orks CM The CM. an Italian make. was pmtlueeti t'rom 1930 to 1957 by Main) Cmedognn. \\ hose reversed ini als supplied the Hillnc_ and Oreste Di’us‘iani There “ere oh\ and ohc machines from 173 to 50(1cc as well as a racing 350. and in later days twin two- stmkes in si/es up to 250 A motorcycle \uththe same name but no connection with the CM (Italian) was made in Germany from 1921 t01923,wiilta lltteeiiio-stroke engine Coekerell This German motorcycle was made by a famous designer. Frit/ Cockerell. from 1919 in 1924, with a single-cylinder two— stroke engine This designer produced many novelties. including water-cooled engines. arid ltis machines won the 150cc German Championship in 1924‘ He even had a diesel motorwele engine. «s Coleman. Rod Thus NC“ Zculund road ruccr \mn \he JunrorTTrn1954 on A15. gmng this make 11> lint “in l‘or 2-! 5mm. :11 :I speed of 91.51mph. Anolhcr .-\JS “le0“ h) D Farr- mm “as second. Coleman later became |he Su/uki ilnpm’lcr for Na“ anlrmd and spunsnrcd Pm chncn from Culifnrniu. Collier. Charlcx Chrlrles Cfilller “(Is a Brmsh pinnet‘r m‘lcr “ho \ulh his bmlher Hurr} started the Mulchless cone n1bmh oflhcl :Ilsn rode m races. Charles “on (he firsr "IT in 1907, \ms second in WUS. And “on ugam in 1910. Ewmunll) Ihc cmnpany \\ a: S\\:lll(\\\ ml up b} a larger group after lhc death of (he hmrhurs. Collier. Hurry 0m: ol‘rhc Collrcr brorhers \\ ho starred (hv: > Ahmc Engllahclmrnpronmecdud} mm Pclcr Matchless company. Ham won lhc Tr m ('ollrm >hll'lmg |hc mule 1909 an 49 Olmph. and “an second m the ‘ , l . 9 l . 40 8 h" . . Beluu The Bnmh mm ( mum mu. :1 230cc “f“"r '" l 1 M 9 “n ‘5 mm “"~" mgmc Mrnmg m {he l.~|c ul‘Mmm 1927, rhcreur chum. ul'rcr n finished l~1~3 m lhc 1 lghmclghl Collins. Peter A top British speedway rider born in March 1954 in Cheshire. Peter Collins was World Champion in 1976. He was British Grass- Track 350cc Champion at 17 and turned to dirt track in 1971. riding for Rochdale. Lancashire, and later the Belle Vue Teatn. Manchester. He won the British Junior Championship in 1973 and did well in World Team Cup events for his country. Condor There have been four machines with this name over the years. all unconnected and ofdifi‘erent nationalities. The oldest is the Swiss model which used various bought- out engines and was made from 1901 on- ward. After World War 11 the Sw'iss produced 678cc flat twins with their own transverse engines (like BMW) and also a t lllt'nI'Jn 7(II'A\EI| h? the 9% (:mcuiiyhgic Flying Eight 250 two-stroke twin. They were active in racing in the 19205 and 19305 using the Swiss Motosacoche engines. There was also an English Condor from 1907 to 1914 with an 8000: engine. among other models from this company. Later still the German Condor was a moped-style machine with a 50cc engine made around 1954, The most modem is the AGV Condor lZScc racer on which Henk van Kessel was third in the 1975 Austrian Grand Prix. Cooper. John A British road racer. born in Derby in 1938. John Cooper was 350 and 500cc British Champion in 1966, and 250m win— ner in 1968. He normally rode British machines (Norton. BSA. Triumph). but won the Race of the Year in 1970 on a Yamsel. a specially developed Yamaha 350 twin. He won this race three times. and also the 250cc Classic at Ontario Speed- way. California. and the MCN Superbike Championship in 1972. The following year he retired. after it crash. after nearly 20 years racing. Cossack The Soviet Union is number two in the world motorcycle production tables and the BMW-like Cossack Ural and Dnieper models are the best known. usually seen with sidecars. The Cossack name came in 1974. but the machinesinot the same models of courseihave been made since the 19205. There has been a wide range from a 125cc single up to the big 650 twins and there are also off-road sporting ma- chines like thc 350cc IZH 60. The 175 Voshkod is a good seller, a two-stroke with leg shields. windshield and carrier. which are very useful to the commuter Cotton This British machine started production in 1920 specializing in a rigid triangulated frame which gave good mad-holding capa- bilities. Cotton used six different bought- out engines. but the frame principle held right up to the 1970s. It did well in racing with Blackburne engines and finished 1-2-3 in the 250cc Lightweight TT in 1926 after an earlier win. with Stanley Woods up. in 1923. After 1943 Cotton turned to a dif» ferent type ofmachinc. with a 250cc Villicrs twin two-stroke engine. and was close to closing down. When Villiers ceased making engines. Cotton turned to the Italian Mina- relli and did well in off-road events. it returned to road racing in 1976 with a water-cooled two-stroke with an engine from Rotax of Austria With rotary valve. The company also sells a dilTerent version to police forces. Coventry Eagle This Brit h manufacturer began making pedal cycles around 1900 and took up motorcycles in the early years of the cen- tury. using bought-out engines. Coventry- Eagle was tlten not much heard of until after World War 1 when it came back with a 500cc single and a 6805c JAP [Win for Sidecar use. Later Bert lc Vaek set Brotikr lands records with a 996cc JAP-engined twin. It made a highrqualtt)‘ machine tintil turning to what became its hallmark, the pressed-stecl frame with a small two-stroke engine. Vlotorcycle production ended in 1939 Cotenlry-Victtrr Coventryrvictor. another British maker. produced engines and motorcycles from 1919 to 1‘), . The company also made it three-w heel . as well as a speedway hike. and sold engines to more than six other makers. 1t: own engines were opposed flat twins in the 300. 700 and 750cc classes which had a good reputation itt their tlit) Crate“. Pet Peter ('ritteit was a British speedway rider who was \Viirld Champion itt 19‘.< and 1963. and died after a crash iii 1963 at 29 , and we chashuntittLi\crponlatid began riding at 16 iii 1949. He won the Gnlden Hclmcl match race title a number of times awiinst t‘ormiiltihlc oppmition. and was c plain ol’ the Munchcstcr Ecllc Vuc tcaiii at the time of his fatal crash. Crescent A ltirgc S\\Cdi\h makcr ot' otT-road ina- chines \\Ilh mueslmkc cngincs. Crescent is part nl'thc Yolto group The Mulocrtiss Chtimpmn Otc Lundcn has htid a hzind in its competition madcls The company also makes marine outboard engines. although the motorcycles are fittcd ““115001’ 12 units trom either Sachs or FrancoiMorini. Croyford. Date Daic Croxt’urd is a British road raccr “ho was British 500cc Champion in 1968 and 1969. Hc rodc tor Malchlcss. then in the Norttm team. and had an enormous numr hcr al' crashcs which he \ul‘\l\Cd Hc tinishcd Cim‘el’llh in the 1965 Tl this tirstl and “on the Production TT in 1975. Crumpt Phil Phil Crump is an Australian spccdiiay ridcr from Mildura. Victoria. t‘Thc Mil» durti Man'el‘) who catnc third in thc 1976 World Championship in Poland. Hc ridcs Dam C'rmtord on an untitntiliar-looki enclmca Norton ‘Sti .lolin PLUM ~r' for the Newport team in Wales as well as in Continental events. and amassed a record 434 points in one season. His father- in-law. Neil Street. deieloped a four-valie head for the Czech Jawa machine which they both ride and also scll in othcrs. Hc “as also a member of the Australian teain which won the World Team Cup in 1976. Crystal Palace Crystal Palace is the London suburban home of a road-racing circuit and (inc of England's first dirt»track ovals. used From about 1928, TitL‘ road circuit began in I937 in the grounds ot'thc Crystal Palace. which had hccn destroyed by firc. It “as origin- ally two miles around. but was reduced to l 39 miles from 1953. CZ CZ. a Czechoslovak machine. was made from 1932 oniiard by a firm originally pan of the Skoda arms combine. it first made lightweight tw strokes but later tied up with Jawa: Cl has bcen successful both with affiroad and motocross bikes and sophisticated dohc racers in cl: es tip to 350cc Many of its two-stroke models are twins. Czech Grand Prix The Czech Grand Prix is run on a road circuit near Brno. and was given World Championship standing in 1965. The cir- cuii has becn cut (war the years from 11 miles to just under nini: and finally to 6.78 miles. It is the only World Championship race in a Communist country, and has all the usual capacity classes plus sidecars. Race average speeds are well over lOOmph, Daimler. Gottlieb Gotilieb Daimler was the German de- signer of the first motorcycle. which was produced in 18851 It was constructed Of a wooden frame and used a gasoline engine wnh lint-tube ignition which could turn at the enormous rate 01' 800mm. Dain‘iler‘s i l a 1 “mum Dune». who vtun the 1915 Senior rt On his HRD-HAP hel'nre he told out to Vincent aSSistant. William Maybach. rode the mar chine in 1886. but Daimler then turnixl to four wheels and abandoned the motor- cycle. Dale. Dickie Thix British road racer who had much suc- cess in the llilllfln “Drks teums in the 1950s was killed racing at Nurbui'gring in 1961 He rode for Moto GUZZI for four years. J011'ICd Gileru in 1953. then MV Agustu. and was fifth in the World Championship. Dale rejoined Mott) GuZZi in 1955 and was second in the 350 Championship in 1955 and 1956. When Guui retired from racing hcjnincd BMW, was icnih in the T1 tind third in the 500cc World Chumpionkhip. He also won the East German Grand Prix Finally Dulcjoincd Benelli and later rtieetl BMW. AJS. Norton. and MZ Dance, George George Dance was a pioneer rider of Sun- beam machine% in the 19203. He Wm a market gardener by occupation, who put up the fastest lap in the 1920 Senior Tr zintl ncarlyvmntheJuniorin [923.1115 Special!) “21“ sprints and hill climbs, in addition to record breaking He put a 500cc unit intti alight framewithuspnntianktomakctine til the first 'xpcciuls' fur short-distance events at which he was unbeatable \uth ll 90mph top speed in the 19205, Daniel], Harold llzirnld Daniell is 1| Brllhl’l mad racer \\ I10 hus alwayx heen axsocmted “ith Norton The best-kmmn slur). t1htiuthlmi\1h:ll he \\H\ turned down by the Military Police in a dispatch rider because at ptmi' eye-fight in the year he “on the 1938 SenimTT,1li~ 01mph 111p record mutt until 1050 Ht- begun in 1927 and “em (in until |9547.\\1\r yetirs llpllrl. lJttniell rcdc AJS uithuut \uer chs and then \lilycd uith \‘nrtum tunetl by hl\ hrOthT'ln-lu“. the fltmth Stew Luncelieltl varies. iinmrd Houtirtl mum “at the lli'itixh mum-u rider Lind dcugncmmuuccr or the mm m 1924, on which he \ton the m Senior (Huxlfliih t mu ‘1 TT 11c mid his Compun) and the nzimc m Phil Vincent “ho then produecd the Vincent-”RD. stiltl 1“ ‘the \uirltl‘x llixtefl' ultcr \elting motorcycle ltmtlApeed reeurtlx nith the higtwin nitichincs Daytona 200 The Dllflotiu 21m 1\ u imtmrAmcnt-zm nice run \inee 1937. mlginull} on it 31mm» o\:il. then nnthe ne\\ Spcetlfltt} hum 194x '1 he l)tt)t0iiti International SPL'CKIHJ} etm thtcc nullmn dullllh lll’ILl ix a lllrUHll t\\1lh ll’lt'CClUl’nSan“.1K71nllC\.llt\u11(lll‘lL‘iZtl‘ When the ih-mxh (utmmt Noi'tmh \tnn in Will the Ultifllll/Ch til the rztee httnnetl meihezttl etiimhtttt» to pititcct Hailey l):i\itl\mi .intl itx \1L|C~\L|l\C Tlltlchlllc~ titcntuull) the} minim-media mtermtinnul rulL‘M and the went IN mm :1 JuPJnL‘NC bent-fit \mh :i VALID iixt-mgt- mu ltttinipli De ('oster. Roger A llelgititi iitlet bum in I‘M" Roger nle ('(ixtet' htt» heeii ll\e lll'nc\ \Voild 500cc Homer-(mt humpion He HHlL‘( Ztit Iim. then 1511. Sii/tikL :intl licgtin \\ 11111111; thlltl' pionships in 1971 on his 400 Before getting into the winniii; 'treak he finished fifth in the championship foi three years running. 1967. 1968. and 1969. but became unchal— lenged king of oil-road racing. De Dion Albert Comte de Dion. horn in 1856. is best known for car engines and his pe al rear— stispension sy stem. but he was also a motorcycle pioneer. With his partner M Georges Boutnii. the count made trie eles as early as 1894 when he won a race. but when the tricycle faded front popular fat or by 1901 the De Dion engines \\ are sold for use in bicycle frames and later iii proper motorcycles. The company also made its own machines There \\ ere also some Dc Dion Bouton motorcycles made in France front 1926 to 1930. but these were mostly two-strokes and had no connection with the old lirm which played such a big part in motoring history. Degens. Date Dane chens built the Triton. a Triumph» engined Norton. which led to the Dr . a handbuilt motorcycle which can be based on any make. A road racer himself. he deieloped frames and engines based on his own experience. and l‘nOdlfiCd machines for other people. Degner. Ernst Ernst Degner is a German road-race rider. fir on the East Gertnan MZ rotar aly'e tw -strokc He came oter to the \ est in 1961 after being well placed in the World Championships. but his changeoycr cost him \ictory From 1962 he rode Su/uki in the 50cc category. won the TT and the World Championship. He had many more \ictories before retiri g in 1965. and re- turned in 1960 to finish fourth in the last 50cc TT to be run Dela Hay. Tommy Tommy dc in Ha) was .i pioneer British t'iderofSttnbcains in the I920s who finished thirteenth in the 1914 Senior to help the company win the Maiiufactureis Team Fri/e. although it “as later taken away from them He rode under the great team manager Graham Walker and “as one of the heme, of the golden age of motorcycle racing Della Ferrera This famous liltlitni riiake was produced by two broiliurs \\ ho gave their name to the marque from 19119 to 19th2 One rer membered model is the 500cc ohc \’-twin racer of 1922 with chain-driieii eanishafts with the chains exposed. It did well iii minor events. Production models were mostly in large engine sizes from right up to 996cc twins. Della Ferrera also credited u ith one ofthe first machines with the sprung rear wheel. back in the 19205. Delta and Delta-Guam In spite of the similarity in name these two machines were not related. The first was of German origin. made in 1924 like the Della Ferrera it had rear suspension. but in this case by leaf springs. It used a two- stroke engine which wa. fully enclosed. The Delta»Gnom. although of the same period (1925 onward]. \ias Austrian. also l\\'0'>lr0kl) in the smaller 250 machines. but \th IAP engines in the bigger 350 to lOOOcc models. From 1945 for about 10 years Delta-Gnom used bought-out two- stroke engines in smaller machines. DEMM DEMM. an Italian maker of small two- strokes also sold engitics to other makers from 1953 onward. and is still selling 50ec mopeds. The factory also made earlier small-engined oht machines in the under- ZOOc 1' ss as well as one ohc racer of173cc which offered very high performance. Derbi Derbi is a Spanish motorcycle that has been made near Barcelona by the Nacional Motor SA since 1951 The name comes from Dertvados de Bicicletas (derived from bicycles) as the company had been making bicycles from 1922. It madcoiT—road moto- cross machines aiid others for the army and was successful in the sporting sphere with small two-strokes. But the 50cc road racer was something else again. and Derbi won the World Championship in this class for {our years from 1969. In 1970 it took the 125cc as well. The 125 twin turned over at 14.500rpm and had six speeds. The tiny machine could top l40mph. and its star rider was Angel Nieto. Derbi also built a plant in France at Perpignan to build ma- chines for Common Market countries pending Spain‘s entry into the community. De Tomaso Alessandro de Tomaso. from the Argen- tine. raced cars from 1956 and then turned manufacturer. making various racing and sports cars including the Ford-engined Mangusta. In 1972 he took over the Italian Benelli factory. which had been successful in motorcycle racing. as well as the part of the Moto Guzzi organization which is not owned by the Italian government. Deuhel. Ma\ Ma\ Deubel. a German sidecar racer. won the World Championship four times ( 19617 64) and the TI' three times. His first full year as a racer was I960 when he competed on BMW, as he always does. His passenger was mechanic Emil Homer Deubel. a hotel owner. and Homer first competed in 1959 when they were third in the German Grand Prix. In 1961 they had BMW fac- tory backing and a works engine. The team was second iii the World Championship in 1965 and 1966 and then retired. Deyil The Devil was an Italian machine which was manufactured for only five years and won a good name between 1953 and 1957. The factory was based at Bergamo and used both two-strokes and ohv singles in the smaller capacities up to 175cc. some with five»speed gearboxes. The engines were designed by the well»known Soncini. Diamant Diamant was a complicated company in Germany which began making three- wheelers in the early years of this century and also made some motorcycles. There was then a big gap until 1926 when it came back with 350 and 5000c machines. some with British .IAP engines and some with Kuhne ohv units. Diamant merged with a car maker called Elite which went out of business. and Opel jointly used the factory for building Opel motorcycles up to 1933. After this 350 and 500cc Elite-Opel bikes were made under the marque name ofEO. The last models before production ceased in 1939 were two-stroke mopeds. Diamond The English Diamond factory produced motorcycles from 1910 until it went into liquidation in the l920s after making Villiers-engined two-strokes up to 350cc and bigger machines with several other makes ofengine. The company came back as Diamond Motors in the 19305. and built sidecars and bodies for three-wheelers and motorcycle frames until 1939. Between 1920 and 1930 there was a spell when Dm- mond belonged to Sunbeam who raced the Diamond label in the 11'. There was another revival in 1969 when Sachs-engined lightweights were offered under the Dia- mond badge. 1W __ mm.” rlli‘uunnd 7x “and Limmpmn kngcrdc< mlm mm, .m m mm «u h.‘ {MAM/“Mu Hmmghl mm m 1 mum Dirt-track racing In Britain dirt-truck racing is another name for speedway. in the United States it is a separate sport for machines up to 7500; and capable ol‘mueh h'Ehe and is an AMA Grand National ( humpioiiship. [)irt track began in the 1920s and is now a big business in which the top riders can make 5100.000 a year or more. Stars who ht\\C graduated from this form ot'the sport include Kenny Roberts. now a top ll‘thl’r national Giand Prix INCL Ditchhurn. Barry Barry Ditchburn is a British road racer who began in 1955 and u on his first mice In 1968. He then rode Aermaeehi. Norton. and Seele) bikes before itchICVing success on a Yamaha. In 1974 he joined the Kawasaki team riding 300 and 750 Water- eoolctl three-cylinders with Mick Grant. He won places and the King of Brands title. and “as second in the 1975 Superbike (minimum-hip. Di\on. Freddie Born in 1892 iii Stockton-on-Tees. County Durham, this rider was the only man to “in the Tourist Trophy on two. three. and four wheels and ilhptnjd mole legends thati an) mhel “X riders. He died in 1950 He first raced in the Me at Man in 1912 on a ('le\eland. made in 111\ home lt)\\l’li and “em hticlt in 1920 to finish twelfth on an Indian Fieiliite l)i\on insisted on Ameri— can equipment on his machines. foot— hotirds. 10m eltiteh. and l\\isl g p when otheh had le\ ers. He was third in the 1923 TT and won the first SldCCt’lt’ TT with his banking Sidecar which tilted over for the corners He won the 1927 Junior on HRD and is sixth in the Senior After driving otfi dominudinthebikeworldheturned to car racing with Rileys from 1929. and was equally successful using motorcycle Amul carburetors at the rate of one per cylinder. DKW This German machine's initials actu- ally stand for Damp/’It’t-afi Wager) (steam lorriesy which the company was founded to build in 1920 in Zschopau. now in East Germany by n Dane. Jorgen Sknfte Ras- mussen, He later used the initials to stand for Dar Kfé‘fllt’ Want/er (the little marvel) and made small-engined two-strokes until he merged DKW with Audi. Horsch. and Wanderer into Auto Union in 1932. The company began making cars as well in 1920. still using two-strokes to drive the front wheels. Auto Union began road rac- ing in 197 and achieved success with the split-single superehtirgtxl two-stroke lay- out in 250cc form which lasted until 1939, at the cost of enormous fuel consumption It won the Lightweight T1' in 1938 Wllh Ewald Kluge riding. and he was second the following year. The postwar ban on super- ehtirging ended DKW supi'em' but meanwhile it had supplied the German army with 350cc two-strokes. In 1945 the Zschopau factory became MZ tMotorrad- werk Zschopuu) in the Russian Zone. and DKW moved to lugoldstadt. Afterthewur DKW rated a 350cc three-cylinder. In I957 Volkswagen took over Auto Union and the DKW motorcycle company be- i came part of Zweirad—Union AG along with Victoria and Express. and in 1966 Fichtel and Sachs bought Zweiradi Zweirad-Union already owned Hercules. and has tended to push this name at the expense ofthe DKW brand. The cars also disappeared in the 19605. DKWdeieloped a Wankel-engined motorcycle. the W2000. but it has not been a commercial success. The DKW name is still used on exports to England 7 mm The Brllhh 193:" Dm-JAP ‘50“ sports model D.\I\\' BMW is 11 British make of rnotorc3cle made from 1945 onward 1)) Dau son Motor Works owned by 'Smokey' Dzmson. The first machines. made at Sedglc). Dudley. Worcestershire. \tcrc grasstruck racers succeeded by trials machines after Dawson left and Mike Riley took over A twin- cylinder Villiers engined two-stroke look- ing rather like a scooter called the Deernster. \\ith twin headlights and op- tional electric start came in 1962. and u as sold to the police That “as followed by the Hornet 250cc \‘illiers-cngincd raceri and finally a trials machine. Doningtnn Park Donington Park is a British road-racing circuit on the grounds ofthe seventeenth» century hall. first used in 1931 for motor- cycle races. It was taken over by the Army during W'orld War II but restored for rac- ing in 1978 by the new owner»butlder. Tom Wheatcrnft. with a 5-mile circuit. Don- ington Park houses the only singlc~scatcr rac ”.Il' museum. and the British Leyland {urinal collection of cars DOT The English DOT was started in 1903 by racer Harry Reed. who later advertised his machines under the slogan ‘Dcvoid of Trouble.‘ He won the twin-cylinder TT in Below : ALC) Kay Amm from Rhodesia And Britain's (Jcoff Duke in m: Dutch IT 500 class m 1952 1908 with a machine using a V-twin Peugeot engine LII 38.6mph. DOT con- tinued to make appearances in the Isle of Man without repeating this success. The company made machines from 293cc up to a big 986cc V twin in the 19205. always finished in cherry red. In the 19305 it limited itself In small economy machines, and during the war made a three-wheel delivery Rickshaw with a motorcycle back end and box—carrier front. 1n the 19505 DOT went in for lightweight two-stroke powered trials machines. and also won the Manufacturers Team Award in 1951 in the Isle of Man with 125cc racers. Later ma- chines with foreign engines were included Ahme Italian chlgl’L the 3511 Ducatttt11974 Nth desmodronuc \alves. when \'illiers stopped selling. but in the 1970s DOT was not selling mart) machines. Douglas This British machine was made from I907 u‘ith opposed flat-twin engines of 350 and 500cc. The company produced a succeszul speedway racer from [928. The original flat twins \iere set longitudinally in the frame but a later model (1949 on) placed them across the frame. The company‘s heyday was in the 1920s when its machines were favorites with British riders. DvRad D-Rad was a German motorcycle made from 192] to l933 in Berlin at a former arms factory. The first model was a 400cc fiat twin. followed by a 500 single, and these heavy models were successful in trials and endurance events. The company lin- ished up with small two-stroke singles until it was taken over by NSU. ’ The i940 Douglas :swcc Opposed mm. not a gmi «its: Drag racing Drag racingr is the modern name for sprint- ing m cra short course. usually the quarter- mile. The competition began in California but there are also regular events in Britain and elsewhere for both cars and bikes, Dresda Dresda is a personalized motorcycle dc- velopcd by David Degens from the manu- facturer's standard product. He hegan making Tritons [Triumph»Nt)rtiins) but now uses mostly Japanese models as abuse for his conversions. Ducati This Italian machine uas made from 1950 onward. and “as very successful in racmg The company began “ilh small oht ma- chines under 250cc and developed desmo- dromic valve gear for racing. There were also production models and motocross iersions. but from 197] there have been much larger \' |\\ ins in the 750 And IlP\\t|I(i categories. At the same time Dueati niai» keted Endtiro bikes atid 4 \er} fast Kinslec twin sand to reach l—Hmph. The company is patll) owned by the Italian goicnimeni Dullamel. Ymn Yvon DuHamcl is a French Canadian rider. born in [939. uho has a spectacular riding style and vias successful in the Kawasaki team in between tails He started racing at 20 years ofage tm ii :50 Yamaha. won the Canadian Championship iti I968. and joined Kawasaki in 197] He “on the 1972 Canadian Grand Prix at .Vlospori and other ei cuts. and iii 1973 scored four places including a win in the Anglo-American series as top United States scorer. Nick- named ‘Superfrog.' Dullamel went on to u in places in long-distance e\cnts and 750 races until the factor) pulled out of racing. Duke. Geofi A British racing champion born in 1925. Geoil‘ Duke started in 1949 on Norton. after an apprenticeship in trials He won both 350 and 500 classes of the Manx Grand Pri.\ that year an Nortons and joined theviorks team Hevmn his first TT. Below 0“th Smith oi Norton icentcrl Eflllgrtflulfllm (icoll Duitt» on “timing the Jutlml’ TT III the isle of “mi mt“ 7|)ukt‘ 77 the Senior. in 1950 and \\ as second In the Junior. and went on to win after win He tried car racing and then muted to Gileia to winthe Maker'sChampionshipl‘orthem in 1953 and 1955. then won the Rider's Championship in 195-1 When the ltztliztn factories stopped raci g in 1957 Duke rode it BMW the i‘uiitmihg )Cllt‘. tlieti Norton again. and soon after formed his 0““ Gilera team. which was not a success He retired in 195‘) with si\ \V'oild Champion- ships behind him Lind hie: hehr the T1 course iii the Isle of Man. Dunelt A British motorcscle made from I‘Jl‘) to 1956. Dtinelt began with a 5(lllec tut» stroke “Ilh a simple torm of supercharging bi using 2i stepped piston The eoinpun) first raced \iith sidecars. finishing sixth in the 1925 TT and was placed in other races abroad. It introduced a 250cc model which prm ed a better seller than the big machine and consequentl) dropped the 5110 in 1927. This model was followed in a 350 oh\ and a 500 Oh in 19311. and finall) a 350 ohc. hui Dunelt closed in ms. Them} years later Duncltciimc buck \\‘1[h:15()CL‘m0pCd. but this was not \cry suecesst‘u]. Dunstall Paul British rtic riiler Paul Dunstall set out to modify other people‘s products to iinr prme them '01' higli~specd work. and dc- \c1oped 1| successltil business. first nith 1\ortons and now mostly machines with a Japanese hase His seniees included im~ prming engines and l'rames. ‘ustomiIing. and supplying a range 01 bolt-on acces- sories. Diirkopp [)i'irltopp is LI German pioneer machine prtiiiiieeii (mm 1901 onward, originally as singles: l\\|ns, and eieii fl straight tour. 'I he company went out of the motorqele business after 1930 when it produced hiqeie LIIILl re~ appeared alter the War with small mn— stroltes and later 11 scooter in 1959 oiirrhm» stopped production 01 mt» wheel machines to concentrate on the mantilaeture ot hearings and motorized cytlcst Dutch Grand l’ri\ This international itice hen ii in 1925 over it lTiiiile toad circuit tie Assert. and has I'itl'lhk'kl in the \mrltl series from 1949, A new C11‘Clli[\\1tst1pcncdm 195‘, Dill} 4 78 miles longV hut much older The race mer- agc speed approaches |l)l)niph. Dutch Motorcycle Society (KNMV) '1’hel)uteh Motorq ele Society is the ruling bod301‘motorcycle sport in Holland which reports to the FIM as the national club. Their Grand Pm is held annually at Assen. where it h ‘ been since 1925 although not on the same circuit. Dutch 11‘ The Assen race no“ known as the Grand Prix was known as the Dutch '1 '1 from its inception in 1925 and rccogni7ed b) the FI M from 1930. The two titles are still used interchangeably for the same race. just as the Isle 01 Man TT used to be the ranking British race. and now the British Grand l’rix Eastwood. Vic Vic Eastwood is a British motocross rider horn at Coltie, Lancashire in 1941 who has been active since the late 1950s He started riding BSArMatchlcss. moved to . iul ouiisitii ractng i. Norton before he svlilchul it» the mmlilicalloll business Right , 'l he [MC sihich who made in anland to an Austrian design. this one it 35" 01 1949 Husqvarna in I‘JGS. and took sixth place LII the end of the championships series that year. After breaking a leg in 1969. it was seven months before he rode again. He moved to (TM and was close to winning the British Motocross Championships in 1975 but his njury held him back. L‘dvt ards, Rob A British trials rider horn in 1946. Rob Edwards rode [hr Montcsa for many years and coached other riders for the compam. He has won the British Experts (l97l). \ is second in the Scottish Six Days [1972). was runner-up in the British Championship (1973) and non the three-day trials at Sanligosa in Spain (1074). Before Montesa he rode Dot. Greeves. Matchless. AJS. Bultaco. Cotton Eichlcr Eichler. a German make. produced two- strokes up to 17. c with various engines from 19201‘or fiie years. It also made some 01' the first scooters. [or much of the time under designer Ernst Eichler “ho gaie his name to the marque which had a good reputation. Elder. Sprouts; Sprouts Elder Was a [Winner specdua} rider “ho C‘dmL‘ from America b_\ \\'u_\' Ol Australia in 1928 to ll’lll’ULlllCC thi: tie“ sport 01' dirt-track ri in England He rode in the first nigh-ime meeting at Stamford Biidge. London. In M 1938 and stayed on in be ii star .itti'a ion in British Speedwa) for many years Elephant Rally The Elephant Rall} is probahli the biggest motorcycling gathering aniuhci‘u hcld annuall) iii Germany. originalli at ll'lc Nurburgring. The event originated viilh ihi: crews ot‘Zundapp sidecar outfits. called Green Elephants. and eventuall} drew riders from all at er Europe to [he \\‘lnlCl‘ celebrations vihich lllCllldCd a midnight procession round the 14-mi1c track in memory 01. those killed thorax \1anyol‘the riders camp out. It was banned Iron-i Nur- burgring because (if hooliganism and is now held on different sites Elite This German company amalgamated Wllll Diamant in 1927 after being in business Kim imiim mung ins mm mum in mi. mm lht: mi ni in» swam! wait cimmpmnmip mgn making cars from 1914. ll manufactured motorctcles until Opel lunk mer and made a machine called an E0 lElite-Opcl) with bnught-uut engines. E\l(‘ EMC machines were made in England by Dr Josef Ehrlich who went to England from Vienna before World War II He made some very fast tvi o-strokes Whlch did veiyuell in 125C 'acingattd heat the \iorks Honda. liMC was second in the World Championship in 1962. Riders included trim. n 7 I mu" "4 ‘ Mike Hailuntitl. Derek Minter. and Phil Read There were also production nmdcls from 1946 onward Vll’llClI “err: lull 01' in- genious ideas Endcrs. Klaus Klaus Enders is it Get man siducat ace \iltn won the World Championship six times. :tluzns on J BMW. His last \\in “as in 1974 He was 1mm in 1937 near Frankfurt and began racing in 1960 (m solos. ihcn turned to sldcc‘at's. ll;- bcgiin riding iii lhc noild sidccui m ants in 1906 and “on the Championship in 1967. 196‘). 1970. 1971. -“ 197}. and 197-1 lie \\on the sidccai [ l in the Isle ot' \ltin in 1959. l‘Ftl and 1973. Endurance racing This is n special l'oim or tliotort‘)t‘le sport “ith in s usuall} at 3-1 hours or at least 500 miles duration Honda has been donu- nant in recent }C1lt's C. re ei ents are the Bo] d'Oi at Le \lans in i’rdllCC. the Barce- loun 34 hours. and the Tlirinton 500 in anlnnd uliich bemn in 19‘: The Fl.\l _ ttont 1‘) engine si/e in the Endurance series. uith races in Belgium. Brltaill l'rance. Ital}. and Spain Honda's RC5 is the one to beat tor niula opeinti permits ant Enduru hnduro is a form ot' long-distance racini:y on loose surfaces “hich is an American Spt‘t‘ldll} l'or \\hich machines are pltl’ptisc- built by man} maker: may run l’or 400 miles or more, but else- uhere the) tend to be shorter in the bestr knoun B\ ent. the Rain llltll). both ears and mt‘ltllc) clcs Compclc American ei ents I550 The Eso (actor) in Czechosloi akia special- ties in speediiai engines and has no\\ d uith Jau'n Jana ll>€S t'our \al\es In ‘a 500cc singlet liridcr configuration and is one ol the principal makers of Comv petitnc mdL‘l’ilnC§. ll‘l buslncs_ slnCC l‘J-l‘). The eompani also makes machines and engines for other branches of the sport l’nk such as ice racing European Grand Pri\ Ftieh }ear the HM designates a ditlereiit Grand PllV race to can} the title irt'Giand PM of Europe. a practice \ihich goes back more than it) years. At that time the ruling bod) ol‘thc port \\ as the FICM \\ hich also be; in the "oierunncr ol‘thc \Vorld Cham- pionshtp a n 1033 European Trials Champion This Championship wa set up ln was Lind uas \\on first b) Stlll‘tlll} Millet. an Envlish iidcr. tilio \\ on again in 1070. The World Championship for trials “as introduced in 1075 and \MtS iiisi non b) BtiltSh tider. Martin Luinpkiii, based on the best eight tesulh out ol‘ l-l merits them. Harri llaii} Eieits is it Belgian inoto ’ ss rider. born in 1951. uho this Filcc World Motor eross Champion in 1975 nt- “as Junior National Champion at l5. hating Inlsitied his age since the lmi er limit is to. and \\'1|s in the National World Championship team by [973, Euclsior l-‘otir ditleretu companies. American. Biitish and German. liai'c tised the Ewel- sior name The British otie \\:is the longest li\ed_ manufacturing from 1896 to 1964 (the) sold the first n‘ltVtUl'L‘)ClC in England) This company been by selling a small biciclc \iith a Be _ in Minerva engine. and neat on to build the Mechanical Mariel which “on the 1033 Lightucight TT and other Sucre iil racers. The Fortunes Or it: \nried road m' ~hines went up and doun. andthecompanylinishedmaking CCOIIDIII} \\\t\vsll'(\kc>. The first German company at Brandenburg began in 190] and had no connection “'th the English him. although it used English engines among other makes tor its rather British-looking hikes This cornpnn) lasted until 1939. mih no sport- ing histor) The other German E\cclslor. unconnected “1111 the first one lasted only one )e‘ar (1923724) in \lunieh uheic it produced a 250cc tuo-stroke \ihieh was not memorable. The liourth Excelsior. the American eonipan). was based in Chicago from [903 to [93] It made small two- stroke and bigger singles and nuns up to IDOUCL and raeing models \iith ohc. The American Excelsiors sold in England u ere called American to distinguish them From the Birmingham models. The American manufacturer also built the Tour-qlinder Henderson. a giant 1300cc motorcycle. The company “as a part attire group run bi lgnn/ Schuinn “hieh is still in the blC}Clt: blhll‘l [\press This German eompani based at Nurem- berg began making small machines in [003. Alter £| long sap Express returned in the 19305. disappeared again until the 1950s. and finally joined DKW and Victoria in the Z“Cl|’;ldeUnml’l group and 10st its oun lanlll)‘, Evsink Eysmk uas a prominent Dutch make manufactured from the start 01‘ the in- dustry around 1899 The factort first used bought-out engines then made its own from 365 up to 750m and sold man) mn- chincs to the Dutch ['orees After World War I l: sink produced small two-strokes \iith \‘illit sengines EnglishenginestJAl’. Rudge. and Pithon) \i ere used at one time, and then small too-strokes again from t‘hris Stanitand ii’oregroundi on his 193., E\(‘:‘l\l(3l’~J-\P at Brooklands Sachs and Ho. This compam also made curs. Its rounder. Dick Etsink. died during World War II and his son took met: The firm closed. then reopened briefly to make scooters. and was sold in 1975 but the name is no longer used. FW ' " ' u ‘ 7 7 ,, 7 W lnuumm- rum- mm m _ {’mm I021 m WIS h} L. company ~Iumlcd puuplu thought lhu) \\clu unpmlcd I'mlug F m I)u»seldurl“huulmmudcuux llhcgun um\xmucmwdmcdlnhchcllcrlhunmml — pruduclmn \th u hlc)clc \th Lm uugmc nl'lhcdm ‘ u|la|cthL mm 500cc \inglu-thdcr um- Fadag chincx hmh nhv :Ind «imam mm- \wrc mum , Fading was a Gurmun mmomclc made suld mhcm'Wmn munumclulchul mlm‘ \ mm (mm... mum H} “mm. mm” w l on.” \l l’ mi Ir uklntn l) Hmcltt t'ltlt.|§t|\cr\\t\rc .r anmm mung \unl _. lmglm pmluruon m 1900 but 13>th only up m World War 1 Although it mlidc cur: Ur to 19:0 , lcx hath (ictmlm :tmi lurcign. used the l—umr ungme from \uchcn. which “:15 ll: ml» “cruel tit- 0n mltLiL‘ undcr ilCCIlN} litu lirm .t‘w‘lt will Citl' cngtnc: und Dnzcm ul' tulikw of motor- u Jr: ummlclr mulm; zlcx l'\\l 'I‘ltc! _K1L'| l: mu m: \umnxu' Mutchlnh L‘Ullllnlit‘ii li‘x’ mulnrlwtlmg \pnri and mm tic» lll [IL‘I mml Stltlm hcl‘lvre 192-1. \\ hen the American \Imurcylist Ausocim non {00k mcr. 1n lb: 197th [hi5 organi- zation became Limiidlel] with the FIM. Fantic Thi: Ildiiflll cmnpnny which make: both sporting and utility models did not start production until 1968 when Henry Keppel and Mario Agrutt mined forces tn prnducc it ncw miiht‘ Thc) hint produced un cnnr- mum range of mndclx, mmc :umcd at the Ljuitcd States and some :11 the Engihil nuirkct. uliich will rev up [0 10.000rpm llml hm up in sivgcltr rutins Onc unm- mmt successful nfilmud blkc> has bccn (hL‘ Caballero, Fath, Holmui Hclmut Futh is u German :rdccar rider who has been mice \Vorld Champion. He began on BMW but later developed his own machine. the URS. named after his home lawn of Uracnhuck. which has also “on the Championship for Horst Ouesle. Futh first made his mark whcn he was third in the world title scrim in l . l which he “on In l960 A crash killed hi; passenger and put hlm out {or several years from 196]. but he came buck with his own mm chine and “on thc 1968 Championship. Fumr The Fm ur uusa French mmnrcyclc which i\\i tum. M “as popular tor 40 )curs lmm 1919. The Company made Inn-\irukcs up to “Dec and 350 machines with Jan engines. both m and oh», After 1945 it persisted with the inc-strokes hut also used British ()h\’ on- gincs up to 25th:. F3 and FE Mondial There hiiie bccn smcml FB marqucx. nut connected There mu an English one ll'ovilcr and Binghum) between |913 and 1922 With 1: two-atrokc engine. a German make which lullovicd (mm I923 tn 1925 also making two-strokes and I'our»strokcs. and the betterrknown ltziliun Iii) Mondinl made Irom I948 onward. Just to confuw matters there was also at Belgian Mtiiidizil, again unrelated The Italian FB Mnndnil from Milan started making tuoattoku and then produced successful ohc raccis up in liflcc which were ridden by the norld‘» mp pari‘nrmen This firm zilxn makes UIIIH} Lind “”4081! muchitlm “hich zirc xucccnl‘ul in motocrn» Feilhach Limited Fullbttch Limited i~ 2m rXIHCIICJH IlLlChillk‘ lint the rims urn L‘mnpiin} in production {mm 1‘”: |0 Juli The Ink} tor) vim bziscd Lit Milwaukee. V‘i'isuinxin. \whcrc Hurlq-lmnidxonx v-crc ttlm iiiriiic, And the pruduutx rangcd from Filtlct‘ up in ii hid} “in tin lltIU \ [\Hll. \ninc \iiih shuit driic Fcrnilmugh. ‘ 'c '[hls Bllthh iccord breaker rude (i \Mptf- chuigcd Bimigii Superior mm gran mo cu.“ in the ”Nix chrillcnging the (iciimin hrnxt llcnnc (ind hi~ blimii B\l\\'. Thu hL'ld at wvmn in I936 mi the l rtmkl‘urtr l),iiiii»tiitli iiiiiirlmhn tit “hull lltllL‘ llciiiic diti IO‘JIHPl’L rind “gm” .1! trim in iiuw gut) the \itmu}cttl'\\l1clt i-m luinihtitigh [upped thh ixith dilnthl i7timph lm’ ihc (but; Intit' Ferrari. Virginia \ ugmmi mm i‘ the )Uttng [titltttn itini m the crowds \\ ho in 1979 was riding as team- mate to Britain‘s Barry Sheene tn the Suzuki stable in the 500cc World Cham— pionshrp. FF.“ Federation Francaise de Motocycltste is the French member of the national federa- tion of motorcycle clubs (FMN) which controls the motorcycle sport in the various member countries, FlCt“ Federation Internationale des Clubs Motocyclister the international controlling body of the motorcycle sport. was founded in Paris in 1904 and mo\ ed from Paris to London in 1912 11 became the HM itt 19-19. FIM The current controlling bodv of inter— national motorcycling. Federation inter- nationale Motocycliste is based in Gencta and h' a membership consisting of the representatives of the clubs of 46 nations. There are 17 members from Western Europe. nine from South America. two front ASIZL one from Africa. two front North Amcricu. and three from the British Commonwealth. Finlay. Jack The Australian road-racing star born in 1935. Jack Finlay won the 750cc Formula Championship in 1975 at the goof-10 and “as still winning Grands Prix at 42 He finished high up in the placings in the 196th after a bad start In 1958 when he left his job in a bank in Australia to race in Europe. and was fifth in the World Championship on his private Matchless in 1967 From 1973 he was in the Suzuki factory team and won the Senior TT. He rode for them again in 1974. Finnish Grand Prix Formerly run at Tampere. ttorth of Hel- sinki. the Finnish Grand Prix mo\ed in 1964 to the 3.74-mi1e track at lmatra near the Russian border. The event was first held in 1962 otcr a 2.75-mile circuit at Tampere. and “as cut the following year to 2.25 miles. In 1964 the Grand Prix was moved to lmzttra. although it had still ranked as a World Championship round at its previous \ettuc. Flottneg Flottweg was a German make which was absorbed by BMW in 1937. The factory was near its headquarter n Munich and had been manufacturing. ncc I911. mak< ing powered bicycles initially and then machines up to 350cc some \\ith British JAP engines. Later l-‘lottweg made its own engines. but failed to sur\i\'e as an in- dependent. Flying Merkel The Flying Merkel was a famous American machine made from 1900 to 1915 in Middletown with some wry advanced features. suchas electric starting and spring frames. The firm made 500 singles and 980 \’ twins. finished in a distinctive banana- yellon color. F318 Federation Motocycliste Belgiquc or- gani7es motorcycle sport in Belgium as 1hc “flush i’rtinctsvflztrnctl 0| 19W in economical 344m I’nnn national agent of the HM. and is respon- sible for the annual Grand Prix on the wooded Spa-Francorchamps Circuit in the Ardennes. FMN The FMN (Federation Motocycliste Nation-ale) is the national federation of motorcycle clubs. made up of represents tives from each of the member countries, and responsible for deciding international policy. FN PM the Belgian Fahrique Nationale d‘Armcs dc Guerrc at Liege. is a name famous in motoring and motorcycling history from 1901 onward. The maker used four cylinders and shaft drive in the early years of the century, and was copied as far away as the United States. After World War 11 FN was still in business with motocross machines. but eventually motorcycle production. like car produc- tion. came to an end around 1937. In its time FN had made many kinds ofmachine and was Belgium‘s leading maker in both the car and motorcycle field. Foster, Bob Bob Foster is a Brittsh rider best known as a road racer who won the 350cc World Championship title in 1950 and two Tr races, but he was also a grassarack cham- pion. motocross expert. and trials rider. He first won the Lightweight Tr on a new Imperial in 1936. then rode AJS. Triumphr Moto Guzzi. and Velocette, winning the he 194‘) JLHHDY l l 11lll\l‘ lyle 9 ii (30\L'1’n0r\ “ridge erddlC 1 nth lead of Van on hi» \' 1947 Junior on the works 350 Velo. He retired in 1949 after sclllng a record lap :11 89,75mph in ihe Senior TT on a Mom Guni Fowler, Rem This Briiish rider wan the very first TT in the twin-cylinder claxs iir I907. and was still watching the races more ihan 50 yeah laier, He rode a Peugeni»engined Nm'mn in ihai first race at a race average 01’ 36.22mph 0n the ghort Si John's course. HL' was credited wiih reeeix mg the firal pit signal ever when Mr Jame) Norion hln‘lr self hung oul Lr board saying ‘Oil' in he went by. Fowler rode Rex machines in 190‘) and I910 tn finish sixteenth both times, then New Hudson in the 1911 Junior. and Ariel in the Senior. Francis-Barnett These British two-stroke machines known to generaiions of riders as Ihe ’Faiiny Bf came on the market first in 1920 and went on. although merged vriih James. until I966, One or the model‘s features was a bollrup Frame in which damaged luhcs could be quickly replaced. The firm used Villiers engine< for mosi ol' ils production life. and the maul firnlou: model was [he ZSUCC Cruiser (I933 401. Anoth sold under the slogan ‘Built like a bridge. The company did not race. but priyale (“Mich appeared in the ’IT and at Brooklands Slums included climbing both Snowdnn in Wales and Ben Ne\i.s in Scmland Franc-is- Barneit became part ansmeiatcd MUlUr ('yclcs in 1947 and began to uxc AMC engines in place 01‘ Villiers, French Grand Prix The l rench Grand Prix is one nl‘thc Oldext racex. lirsi held In 1920 111 the Le Mam ('ireirii de la Sarthe Layer 2] lap iil‘ llic H! 75 miles. and \uri first “on by rill anr lithan, the only finisher '1 lie] reneh rat-e did not come InlU the qualifying menu in. |hc world Championships unlil um. um I’i \‘7FY1I'I x5 yearn after they were introduced The race has been held Al Alhi. Reinis, RUuCII. ClermonI-l’errand. RlCi’ll'il‘ and Nugiiru It has not been held eiery . ‘rir And him nor always qualified a» a championship l'lllllld. Frera The Fiera ix an llrrllan machine that was made rur 511 years i‘rom 191m. The lzrclm’) built singles and [\th up in lldllce and .11 one time a Lwnarruke. but the 350 ilIIKl Slim-e hiltex were then mainstay llnlll after 1‘} \iheii [wry-diokex eame hack l‘l'L‘ld wax active in racing between the rim miild “an. Frilli. Freddie l’rcdtlie l'ritli i» a liiiii~h mad racer whn lClllk‘Ll llllL‘l winning the l94‘) fillet Wm lll (‘lirrmpmmhip iii ihe age “no on he mi» eelie He won Ilie .luiiim TT in I‘llb and [he SCIIIOI‘ the l'ulltming '1|l. nlwuryx Un Nortons. and in 121“] \Illt‘ls llnl‘l‘ltil nine llmcfi. :Il\\1|}\ in the lint three. lle cam: m .ann Wm 011 r. ML: :30 m thl .‘a .1. hind." |;:\r‘ilrlnl in back after the war ridinga Velocetle to win the I948 Junior and make the fastest lap, and did the same in 1949. Fundin. OH! This Swedish speedway ridcr. bom in 1933. was five times World Champion before he retired in 1976. Die Fundin started riding at 19 and came to the British Club Norwich in 1955. remaining until 1964 when they closed. He won the Swedish and European Championships and went on to win his first world title in [960 and his last in 1967. In between he won many other titles. Fusi Fusi is an Italian machine that was made from I937 for 20 years. The company originally imported the Belgian FN. It made its own 250cc followed by Bri ‘h JAP-engined I75, 250. and 500cc bikes with the engines made under license in Italy. G Galbusera Galbusera is an Italian maker that pro- duced machines from 173 up to 500cc with British Rudge ohi' engines. which were raced by the chief engineer. an Egyptian named Adolf Marama. The factory started production in 1934 at Brescia. and in the last 10 years of its life from [945 ‘WIlCth over to small economy machines with Sachs engines. At the annual Milan show in I938 Galbusera displayed some un- orthodox two-stroke machines wtth super- charged V8 engines. but these were never built. Galloni This Italian factory, active from 1920. was prominent until closure in 193l and was successful in competition. The company started with 500cc singles and 750 sv V twins; it subsequently shifted to singles from 250 up to 500. finishing with a I75cc single with an imported British Blackburne engine. Cam-age This famous British store. now out of busi- ness. at one time sold motorcycles under its 'own name [1904724) which were made for them by a number of different com- panies. One ofthc well-known models was a lightweight 2.75 horsepower with pedals and belt drive, with an optional Sturmey- Archer three-speed cycle hub. Later they - ”E3 (”AZ-g ‘ offered 250. 3‘0. and Wile motore)c|es with single-cylinder side-valve engines and also two-strokes Galina Ganna is a wellrknown Italian maker which manufactured from 1923 for about 40 years It used British engines. both Blackbtirne and JAP. made under license in Italy, in various sizes from 175 up to 500cc. After 1945 the firm mostly used small Italian two-strokes in sporty-looking machines. ofwhich there were many makes on the market then. Carabello This pioneer Italian make came on the market in 1906 and lasted until 192‘). The founder. Francesco Garabello. had some original ' eas. including a dc.' n for a 175cc two-stroke single with a rotary valve and water-cooling. but this did not sell Earlier he produced another water-cooled model. a 996cc four-cylinder in line with shaft drive. in addition to orthodox singles. but failed to make much financial impact. Garazitii These machines were made for 10 years from 192] by the Italian racer Oreste Garan7ini. who raced them himself. lie An ROS 50 Garelli mntncrm» maehtne from Hull used EnglishJAI’. Blackburne. and Villicrs engines. and also imported an English bike known as the V'erus for sale in Ital) Garelli Garellt hits been a great Ilttlitm name since 1919. fli\\a_\: famous for I\\O-\tl’flkt}> and no\\ making small econom) ones and olll mud models AtidihCrln Giirelli u on at number of competitiie eiems before he started production. and the company \tus in racing until P324. inking mun} records. The firm “1h out ttfmottirc) cle production trom 193510 19-17 \\ hen it cttmc buck \\'ilh Ihcclip-on Mosquimzxm‘mbim -: Lind went on to make lightweight machines. Gaieiti merged “uh Agruti m 1972 to he- come one ofthe giiints tn the small»mzichinc fieltt CD This ililliltn m ‘i’illiL‘ it.» made by (ihir- ttrtli :tnd Diillr'Ouliu for IS your» from [933 and raced suctcsst‘till} in the l" tuov strtthc t. Tltese “ere it.“ sing] ‘lindcr 122cc machines. but GD also made a ‘chc two-stroke. ti 2tl Dunghdetil l‘ltill ma. ,1 lmditiunzil blgrmtn engine Hagonr Alf This British all-rounder. born in Essex in 1932. was successful in speedway, ' track. hill climb trials. scrambling. and finally drag racing or sprinting until he retired in 1970. He eo\ered the quarter- mile at Santa Pod in 9.2 seconds with a terminal speed of 157mph on his 1260c: JAP V-tiiin engined bike in 1969 and reached 206mph to set a British record for a flying one-tenth of a mile at Honington. and also cm cred the standing kilometer in 19 1 seconds Hailuood. Mike One of the greatest road racers of all time Mike Hailweod earned nine World Cham- pionship titles and 1} T1' \ retories. He was born in 1940 and first raeed a lliec MVX His lather vi as a wealth} motiiretcle dealcri and ’Mike the Bike' did not lack backing: he proved to be a natural rider who won all kinds of events. He moved on to car racing iii 1967 and w njured in a crash. but came back to the Tr after a gap of 11 years to “in otice againi Hailwood planned to race again for the last time in 1979. but crashed in practice and was unable to ride on his last planned appearance Hallman, Totsten Torsion Hallman is a Swedish motocross champion. born iti I946. \\ he won 37 moto- cross G inds Fri); and four World Cham- pionsh and led the two-stroke invasion of this branch ofthe sport, The Husqvarna which he helped design (he is an en~ ncer) was the first two-stroke to Wm a champion- ship iti 1962: he also had a big hand in the 1977 machine on which Bengt Abcrg won a Grand Prix. [he first four-stroke to do so for seven )ears. Hallman began riding at 13 and was competitive at 16. He “on the Swedish Championship on Husqvarna in 19611 and went on to the World Title for 250s in 1962. 1963. 1966. and 1967. He retired in 1968. but went on to develop the Yamaha motocross machine. Handley. war Wal Handle); a British rider born in I904 in Birmingham. died flying in l94| after a great career in the TT. where a corner is named after him on the Isle of Matt course. He began racing in 1922 on OK Supreme. moved to Rex-Acme. then Rudge. Huscy varna. Excelsior and Velocettc. and finally BSA. He had many 'l'I' victories. both wins and places. including two classes in one year in 1925. He also did some car racing. Hansford. Gregg Gregg Hansford is an Australian rider on Kawasaki who has done well since coming to Europe. He finished fourth at Daytona in the United States in l977 and won at Mosporl Park. Canada. giving him seventh place in the HM 750 World Champion- ship, Harlette An Austrian machine made from 1925 to 1928. Harlette was sold in its home country as the Puch and in most other Continental countries as the Harlcttc. The double- pistnn two-strokes ot' l2} and 1736:: were successful in competition. particularly In Italy where they were ridden by the cham- pion, Umberto Faraglia, IIarley-Daiidson This famous American make was manu- factured from I903 in Milwaukee. Wis- consin, and was best known for its big twins. used by the police and the Army. In more recent times Harlcy»DaVidson went in for fast singles as well and won the World Championship in the 250cc class with two-strokes in 1974. I975, and [976 and the 350‘in [976. In 1960 the company bought the Italian Acrmacchi concern. IlarleyrDadeon‘s nicer sheds it good trait of the mud machine‘s \u'tghl and gear Hartlet John John Hartlc. a British rider, first rode in a major race in 1954 and was killed in 1968 at Oliver‘s Mount. Scarborough. In be- tween he did well in the Isle of Man and in Continental races. riding for Norton in their last season (1956) to finish second in the Senior and third in the Junior. He was the first man to lap the Tr circuit at more than lOOmph. won the 1960 Junior, and was second in the Senior on MV Agusta. Hartlc was out of action through injury. and later rode in the Geotl‘ Duke Gilera i1. “131%... ;‘ Jung‘s: vest-Nu *v Haggliniilillznlttu in team. then had (1 second spell ot‘iivo years out of action from a crash. He won the production team TI‘ in 1967 on Triumph and was third in the World Championship on Matchless. Hartog. WiII Will Hartog is a Dutch road racer. a mem- ber of the Suzuki team. who has come to the trip in the late 1970s. In the drink "\ Hurlu fails in the NIX reliability trial organized by Iht‘ Cliclmslord motor club in England Ilaslum. Ron Th1.- young Bruish challenger on Yamaha cum: w pwmiucmc 1n me 1976 Angler Amunczm Chullcngc Cup wl is“ \\ hich \\ an “on by 1h: Bnmh 1mm. He was 3 MM mun l'mm Lungl < |\h11A NunhL mmshhe. LII 19 but hc muluwd \ulh cx‘pcxicncc Ho “le ;\ (irm C\\(Y0d r\\\urd Wmncr. and “as TT meulA ()nc \led Champion in 1979 H:ml\cr A name hcum men In lhc “mid 0| uirr plum, Hurr} Hzmkcr ulm mud: mumn qclc,» (mm 1920 m 1913 and [uCCd (hem hmhclf Thu} \wrc mm m h} their .mu ur Blzmkbumc cnguws 0f Chhcr 150 m 550w hid£‘>\dl\L‘ muh‘ mu-auukc ul' 301k Hulmvood H:v]c\\nud ix 4 mm. nmku manulAc- [u] d |r0m I‘JUS to I‘JI} m“ cxpon m the lhcnrmhlmg cmpnc :md mlnnim II has not sold in large numbcn in England. but \\L\,~ \\cll known nbroud. Thu firm did not mmpeze in the spmling ficld hm had a guud numc fur aulid machin". mud: in 500cc and WIJOCC V l\\‘m<, smglcs 01' ‘50 and 500, plus V twins “ith JAP cngmcs. ”81130! A French make “ hich lasted 30 yeah 1'! on] 193‘. Hclhcl pmducul A wide mngc m muchinca Hum 981‘: nudge“ up to 100000 \' mim \ulh Bnmh JAP engines, They Also used JAP cngmcs in racing models anh ”an Rm! mm.“ mm! Imcn m m» TT 1 m mum 0m (‘hmpmn in mm so . 'wttmul, I". and in some models with transverse mount- ing and shaft drive. After World War 11 Hellyxt switched to small economy light- “Clghl [\Hrstrrikts Henderson This 1 sic American make of 11 four cylinder machine was on the market for 20 years from 191]. and was designed by Bill Henderson. who mm ed on to the Ace and nits killed in 1912. Henderson machines are much sought after by American col- lector.» and ham a high reputation. Henkel Heiikel. 1t German factory. htiilt tinii~con4 striiction. singleAcylinder. shaft-time ma» chii ‘\ ol' 500cc from l927 to 1932 It in— ilL d the former KG tKrieger Gnadig) \thich ma been hmlt in turn b} Cito. then Allright. and finnll) h} Henkcl. After the K0 dL'HgIl became rather oldrfnshioned. Henkel built ii IUOCC machine with an im~ ported British Blackbuine engine Helllc) Henley “as .i ltritish make produced from 1‘)le for 1H tear». tii st in Birmingham and then in Oldhtiin. Lanezishire ’I he firm used in turn \"illteis BliicLbiirne. and JAP en» gines up in Sluice and than ed the name to The American Henderson founctlinder machine ol lmlcc hm in 1410 form. Ii sold from l‘Jl 1. Non Henley in 1927. Finally Henley made tvtins ofnround 700cc. Henne. Ernest A German ‘eord breaker. Ernest Hennc rode BMW and set the world motorcycle speed record at 134ifimph in 1939. On the same supercharged but improved 750. he put it up to 159.2mph in 1935 He used a streamlined shell and added a vestigial third wheel to iake Sidecar records. Hennen. Pat Pat Hennen is an American rider from Phoenix. Arizona. where he was born in April I953. and who later moved to Cali- fornia He began riding at 16 on a Honda in a *ramble. and won the American Junior title in 1974 after he had been a pro- fessional road raeer for one year. He won the Marlboro series in New Zealand in 1975. 1976. and [977 and the 500cc Cham- pionship race at lmatra also in 1976. Su7uki gave him a works ride in |977 and he “as third in the World Championship and non the British Championship. He nns also best scorer in the Anglo-American raees in 1977 and 1978. Hercules Hercules has been the top German make going since [9041 although it was out of motorcycle production from the middle of World War I to 1924. It used bought-out engines (JAP, Villiers. and Sachs) in both two» and four-stroke models up to World War II. when the Nuremberg factory was bomb damaged and the machinery subse- quently removed Hercules resumed bike production in l950 with a Sachs-engined 125cc and was very successful in otT-road racing. trials. and motocross In 1966 it bought the Zweirad-Union (Victoria. DK W. Express) and the machines are sold in the United States as DKW. Hercules also produced a Wankelengined machine. the W2000. which appeared in the Inter» national Six Days Trial in 1975. It is now part of the Fichtel and Sachs group. There wasnlso an English Hercules. more famous for bicycles. which is not related. l llt‘lldt'rktlnruflndll 97 Hildebrand 3: “'olfmuller These two Germans made the world‘s lirst production motorcycle in [893 4. The) were also the first to use the name Motor- rad (motorcycle) for their machine. which had ii four-stroke parallel tiiin engine iiith water cooling It was an ingenious atTair with many noielties and they sold many of them. includi g a big order for manufac- ture in Fr' lice. However. it did not work too well with hot-tube ignition and :i sur- face carburetor, aiid rubber bands to help return the connecting rods. which nerc coupled to the rear wheel: they went out of business in l897. Young Maurice Schulte went to England with one ofthe bikes and stayed on to establish the Triumph motor- cycle concern. Hirth Helmut Hirth. a World War l pilot and racing driver. produced these German motorcycles from l923 to i926 in the course of testing the alloy eiektron. They uere both singles and twins of 144 and 244cc respectively. and were raced success- fully by his brother Wolf and others. The light weight aided high performance from the engine Hobart Hobart was a British make u hich lasted 22 years from a pioneer start in 190l, The tirm was Coventry based and made many dillerent models. some with its own singles and V wins. others with four ditteieiit makes of boughcoiit engines (Blackburiie. JAP. Morris. Villiers). Lastly Hobart made a 250cc two-stroke, but they also sold parts to other motorcycle makers. front frames to engines. Hoekenheim Circuit in southern Germany this 4.:Amllt‘ [hick is used both for cars and motorcycles. lilclud~ trig Grands Prix ruccsr It “in opened in I939 but rcbuilt to its present shorter length in 1970. There is also a 1.64-milc short circuit on the same site. eight miles from Heidelberg. Hocking. Gary Gary Hocking was a Welsh rider who went to live in Rhodesia as a child and came back to race motorcycles in 1958 when he was 20. He rode a 350 Norton and then joined the East German MZ team. Winning many events. He won the 50 11' in I960. and both the 50 and 500 Championships in I96l. He w . econd in the I9621unior T1' and “on the Senior. and then retired He was killed the same year practicing for a car race in South Africa. Hodaka This Japanese make was produced by an American, Henry Koepke. in the old Yarn» aguchi works in Nagoya. amt mainly t:\r ported to the United States llodaka machines are mnstl) oil-road l\\t)r\ilult because at mic dexlgn b} Luigi \Ingni \\ hiclt \\'.t\ A Eiuruhc tvt in with both cilindet: talcum itrrmrrd. There in» ttlm rt ‘nmnml' 5005c Mllglu. \iuico Thix Germun ttttnpttm lr’lmtnt) {or mOlUCtuS\ nldlhlnCS has been “hich i,~ nmt smug mice l93~1nmktng mud-going bikes us null. The bmtheh Munch started it and \ht‘l’ICltCkl Mam-h ('nmpuny to Mateo. making UtttrfltOkLK \utlt bought-out en» gum. ’Ihct hud 1m ~u‘ - and dropped the bike» until utter World Wm H, then Litmc luck \tnh ti ’ unlit} model. t‘ol- ltV\\CLi b} bigger bike» 1|”le xeuntcr. then ti htth} Cd! \tlnult l‘IIiletl, -\ller thew proh- lctns the} “on were“ in both fill-4'02“] and . hut the} finnll} settled on l‘t)0l0L‘lL..\ rt» then held and hate “an human in milmuti \puri \lch is one 01 mad met lltc lcittiittg Contendcn .Vlaicstit‘ Iltct’c lune been three machines under [his Hume. Englixh Helgittn JllL‘l l‘tench. ttntl All are IHIL‘UHHCCKL‘tl 'Ilte Englixh nncx ncte 3517mm 5mm bike» "14le I‘t‘ttm AJS rum rrtrm 1911 m 1935 The Belgian models “ere onhe tame met but ~lightly earlier. 19:3 to 1931. Ssembled from JAP cngin and other Englixh mm. The French “ch 01‘th \Ltmc period ”927,34; ttnd up in 500cc. using either French en- gincs or the British .lAP )lulagufi \lttluguti machines are nu :tn lightweights made >lncc I940 and are Ver) popular with the young. Top-selling models made at Bolngnn are the (‘malconm Ranchinu .lunmr. and 0th1' mutivcmss and mopcd Jcn_ns wnh .t spur-ting llumr. Most of [hum use Murini engine dnL‘ hutc dune \U ~inuc bcl'nrc W'mld War II. Mallory Park l'his Bi h racing circuit is situated be- tween HincLle and Leicester m the Mid- land» \\'llh tyne-mile and IRS-mile laps depending on the truck used. At least three motorcycle meetin» t year are normull) held Although short. [i’lx circuit IS in a pic» turmquc lztkc, dc fitting wnh sweeping right 111“] left bendx. Mammut [here “or: inn (icrmun machine: nl' thi> Hume but the} htld no connection. One The young Amentun thnd) \Inmalu hm come in the mp m in mud racing. was in existence from 192‘ to [933 nith under 2000c t\\0- 21nd lighIWCigllla “ill! bout: t-out two-make engines. Similar machines \tere alsa snld under sewrnl other name> Mnmola. Rand} Randy VILtmolu h an Amcriunn rand rztcer “ho started riding it t| child and b3 the age 01 I9 \\(I\ in the “orld class of racers Hc nus “ell up in the rating b) [979. cm]- lenging Rnbcl'ls. Shccnc. Ferrari. and uthcr masters. Manx Grand Pri\’ A mec for ttmtiteur rldcn tm standard inti- ehines round the 37.7<-mile Isle ul' Man 11' course. the .\lan.\ Grand Pl’l,\ has been held since 19”} except during the war ,\ can [939 to 1945 The regulation» hrne \ttried from time to time. but there is ntvrmall} a four-lap 2506c race. then a stvlap Junior and Senior mi 350 and 500 machines. just like the TT. Lap speeds are nmt mer IOOmph. and the races are run in Sep— [ember Mars There have been three mttehims with this marque lahel. one German and two Eng» llsh. The German firm (1903757) “as the major one with a factor} in Nuremberg. and made some lanl‘lhodOK models. The Famous one was the While Mars in the 1920s \Vlll‘l an opposed llat»t\\ in 956cc en- gine. ti hand starter. and both tools and gear-change iii the gasoline tank, The Ger- mans made set cral tither \urteties and finished up vtith small two-strokes One of the English companies run only for three years from l905. fitting Germtin Fafnir and Belgian Mincria engines at its Loiidrm factor}. The second Eng1i~h company <\ puma pets lhe whine“ \ludel J at wzi mitt im’qmcc engine me.“ The I‘YSS Brlil‘h \ldlehlv» (,xtit imm [\xsticitllk'd \iutm < icln‘s mm dcluiiu (193346» was Cmenirt-bttsed and did not make antihing bigger than i v. using engines from Bradshaw Btirr & Stroud. JAP. and Villicrs Mas Mas was an Italian Cimipan) \V hich “as iii production for 35 m from 1920. Same German two-strn ts were made for a _\ear or so (1933 4) under this name but were unconnected The Italian Mas started with small engines and then grew to 5006C and continued Kt) make both the ranges to- gether They 100 ended with \l'nflll \\\t\- strokes. Maserati This famous Italian car facltir} run h) a tettm of brothers also item in for innlnrr QCIL's on ti small settle liar ll) )enrs {mm 1933, but did not aehtexe the standing the} did \iith raising ears. The bike» were all under 250cc. both two-strokes and \erttcttl twin olic \\ itli pleasing lines. \laselli. Umbertu An lttiltan ruad rzteer damtttttni in the | ' '. Umberto Musettt “as twice World Champion in the 500cc Cllhs tin the {our C)llnd€f (jilerat He won most tvl'the elrissie European Grand Pm in his notorious )ears. Earlier he had ridden Mum Mount Malchless This famous British make familiarly known as ’the Matchhox' began prtulue- tion at the beginnirii__v ofthe centurt : it “as eveniutill) swallowed up by Associated Mmm Geles with m man} Ulhch ulltl died in 1969 The Collier brothers “ere behind Matchless and rode their (nut mar \l»|l\hlIV\ Ill‘l World Champion speedway supclstar |\ on Mango lroiti Vest 7ealaiid in lull [light chines to win and be placed in the early TT races. Mauger. Ivan One ol‘the superstars ofspeedway. Mauger from New Zealand has won five world finals after rt ng since 1957. He started in England with the Wimbledon Club. then for Newcastle. and won the European Championship in 1966. He moved to Belle Vue in I968 and Exeter in 1973 In 1977 he won his fifth title and. including long-track speedway. has woii seven indivi ual world titles: He was awarded the MBE in 1975. Maurer Ludwig Maui‘er of Nuremberg first de- signed cars for Maurer-Union. He left and produced the Maurer after putting the company in the name of his wife Johanna. as his contract banned him from making cars when he left in 1908 Then after \Norld War I he made motorcycles with strange water-cooled. twrn. l\\0>s1|‘t)kC engines. \vith outside ‘hacon slicer‘ flywheels. They were produced until 1926 ' Mauser Th famous German arms works began to make in 1922 what was really a single- track car. an Einspurauto. although it might be classed as a motorcycle. 11 had tvio running ulieels \\'lll"l Jtickev wheels on either side. like , child‘s bi Lle. and curi- ous handlebais, Power ii 'rom a water'- coolcd 500cc s\ nith chain drive. but it ditl not sell well and ultimately another com- pany took over production until 1932 Megola A most extraordinary machine made in Germany from 1921 to 1925. the Megola looked a little like the Ner-a-Car but had a radial five-cylinder, air-cooled engine in- side the front wheel which it drove directly Without clutch or gearbox. It was very low and thus handled well. and even won races with a more powerful engine than the standard 640cc version. Meier, Georg. (Schorsch) Georg Meier. a top-ranking German road racer on BMW. won the Belgian Grand Prix in 1939 after winning the German Grand Prix and being European 500 Champion in 1938. He also won the Senior TT in 19391“ 89.38mph on a supercharged BMW breaking the Norton chain of vic- torics. Meier was an army sergeant and hid his machine in 2i barn during World War 11, to come back and start to win again from 1947 to 1953. He was German 250 Champion in I947. 1948,1949. 1950. I953. and other victories included the Dutch TT in 1938 and 1939. Mellors, Ted This British road-race rider did well on Velocettc in the 'I'l' in the 19305 and also in European event inning the 1936 Be]- gian Grand Prix among other events. He won the 1939 Lightweight T1“ after switch ing to an Italian Benelli 250cc machine to record his first TT outright win at 74.25 mph. Meriden Motor Cycles This co-operative. backed by British Government money. continued to make Triumph motorcycles at the Meriden fac- tory tn the Midlands after Norton-Villiers- Triumph had ceased production. It started operations in March 1975 and was fully operational. both making and selling ma- chines. by 1977. Matisse Metisse machines were made by the Rick- man brothers, Don and Derek, both riders themselves. by modifying production bikes for competition. Miehanek, Anders Anders Michanck is- a Swedish speedway rider who won the World Championship in 1974. He was born in 1943 and began riding in 1965. moving to England in 1967 to ride at Long Eaton. Later he was with Leicester. Reading. and finally Cradley in 1977, after a spell in 1974 when he was banned in England. He won three Swedish titles as well. Michigan Motors Corporation Michigan Motors Corporation produced the American four—cylinder motorcycle. the Ace. in 1926 after the original company had stopped production. Milne. Jack Jack Milne is an American speedway rider born in 1910 in Buffalo. New York. who with his brother Cordy made a great name in Britain. Australia. and the United States right up to 1950 when he retired. He first rode in the Los Angeles area. then moved to Australia where he won the Champion- ship and then on to Britain. He rode for New Cross and his brother for Hackney. He also “on the World Championship in 1937. when his brother finished third. Another American. Wilbur L;tm()rct|u\ was second, i\li Ola. Heikki Hei ki Mikkola is a Finnish motocross champion who was born in Sanjaniami In |9~1S and began on Husqi'arna in 1964.11e was SOOec World Champion in 1974 and 250cc Champion in 1976 In his first season he won 14 out of IS races. and has also been successful in ski jumping icc speed- way.andcar rallies.like his namesake Han- nu Mikkola. He also goes in for “eight- li ngvihen trainingforhis riding In 1977. then riding Yamaha. Mil-Licola won the world 5000c title for the second time. win- ning eight out of 10 races. He lives in Belgium. )Iilitaire This American machine. later known as the Militor. had a four-cylinder car-type engine and outrigger wheels lik ’\ child‘s tricycle 10 hold it up when stationary. It was made before World War 1. Miller, Sammy Atop trials rider born in I933 in Belfast. Northern Ireland Sammy Miller began as a road racer. riding NSU. Ducatii Mon< dial. and CZ, and finished third in the 1957 World Championship. In trials he rode first 500 Ariel and then Bultaco. and was British Champion for ll years and twice European Champion. He helped Honda to develop its trials machines. He w still riding in 1977 at 43 years of age. Miller-Balsam) Miller-Balsamo, an Italian make from I921 to 1959. did well in racing and record breaking with 174cc ohv eng es. The firm also made two-strokes and bigger bikes up to 500cc. 1n postwar times it concentrated on small two-strokes. Minarelli Minarelli is an Italian maker nl‘iwo-stroke sporting engines used in Cimaiti, Cotton. Fantic, Simonim. and other machines. produetng 6.8 horsepower from 50cc at $800rpm. Minerva Minerva is a famous Belgian car factory which began with motorcycles but gave them up before World War 1. It began making bicycles in 1897 and its first motor- cycle in 1900 “as a bicycle with a bolt-on motor over the rear wheel This unit was enlarged to Z39ce and sold to many makers. lhe \Iillei-Ilolsai e Jupiter ui I‘ll-I7. an Italian lightueighi ul "‘ ' oht iabmc and lbeltmi AnoIhci lIiIlitIni Ihc lecnommo .\Il1’l.|f[lll olFrnatI hike including the British Triumph. Eventually Minerva stopped selling engines and made its ovin complete motorcycles in three models, but stopped producing in 1909. Minter, Derek British road racer. the King of Brands Hatch.‘ Derek Minter rode many different in. m‘t Derek \iuner lkmgul annuity minim tlit mum \ laniil Mm Iiiilll mm .a \llitlshilh machines with equal success He started in l948 and relired in 1967 alter man). wins and places in the Isle of Man and else- where. He (lid not take kindly to team discipline and mostl} rode his min mar chines lie “on the 1%: nglIIHL‘IghI 250a- Tr on a nttnviorks Honda. beating the Works machines “rm-Jeri \iinn-r iii ud I’m Al HAuL» \ttst t Si‘h‘flh’ * MISCUS The Motorcycling International Commitv tee ol‘the United States. former!) the Inter- national Motorcycling Board ofthe USA Inc was the American organi/ation repre- senting the countr) at the HM. with head- quarters at Dattona Speedwa) They shared control of the sporting events With the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA). Miial This Italian firm built two-stroke machines up to 200cc from 1950 to I966. and also single and double ohc machines. some For motocross. as well as trials bikes. MM There were three difl'erent makes under this name at different timesA one in America. one Italian. and one English. The Ameri- can firm. which ran from 1906 up to 1940. used bought-out engines from five ditferent suppliers and produced both singles and twtns. The Italian company lasted 41) years from 1924 and first made two-strokes which set world record and then single- eylinder ohv models which also took records and races. The English company made a bike with a 269cc Vitliers two- stroke engine in 1914 Mobylette The Mobylette is a moped produced in enormous numbers since 1949 by the French manufacturer Motobccanc. foun- ded in 1923. The machines are automatic with no clutch or gear change and 50cc engines made by Motobecanc They give 30mph with 120mpg. in a simple-to-ride step-through bicycle for the commuter or town rider. Mohawk This English motorcycle was made from 1903 to 1925. although there \\ a gap in production between the early versions and the later machines made with bought-out engines from three different suppliers. Some were two-strokes and some orthodox models from a company who also made bicycles. Moisseev‘ Gennady Gennady Moisscev isa Russian motocross expert who “as World Champion in 1974 and 1977. He was born in Leningrad in February 1948 and began riding in 1964. Winning the Soviet Championship in 1968‘ 1972. 1973,’and 1976. He is one or three Russian works riders who ride Austrian KTM machines Molartini These ltalian iiiotoictctes \ieie made from 1921 to 1927 at l’csliro. origtnalli \t‘ith two-strokeetigines. laterusing an imported British 350cc Blackhurne engine. Monarch Three dillercnt varieties of machines “ere sold under this name one in America. one in England and one in Japan but at different periods o1' time. The American machine ran for three )ears from 1913 with a 500cc single and a 990cc \’ I“ in. one of the first with a sprung frame The Engr lish \ersion “as slightlylatcr.1919to1921. and no relation. It was in reality a cut-price edition of the Excelswr. a Birmingham product, \\ith either side-\alie JAP or Villiers too-stroke. both just under 300cc. The Japanese Monarch in .150 and 500 form bore a striking resemblance to the British Norton. and “as made for seien years from 1955, Monark 'l‘liis Sviedish bike made from 1910. origin- ally under Esse label. was first of all a motori/ed bictclc. Later the firm used German 110 engines and then Husqtarna. finall) turning to lightiieights. Since World War II Monark has been successful with motocross mounts. winning the World 500cc Molocrms Championship iii i959 and 1961. Monark is part of the MCB Group. and in recent tears has had great success viith its 175 Enduro and other 017- road models Molldial Mondials are Italian mini-racers which won the 1256c World Championship in 1949. four other manufacturers titles and man) others. The Cttmp‘dlt) began in 1939 but did not come upon the No-tihcct scene until 1949. Its 1-3cc racer turned mer at I Lonnrpm using olie. It took the Iirst [our plltCCs iii the 1951 Light\\ctglll ii and Mondial also took the lirst tlttec places in the 3511c: World L'hampiomhip in 1957, B) 1977 the Cul‘npltll) itiis making iinii machines. mosll) olT-rnad t\\o- small strokes Muiiei Giiiiii Monet (aim has ii successltll llcltLl’I machine [or 4H tears from 1‘11? 11 began viiih Vitlicrs» gated tun-strokes illlll moved on tn i’ztccrs itt 1hc 351) and ‘11” classes with MAG engines litiiii Suit/cr- land lti postiiar Lia)» the coiiipiiiit inostls rctertetl iii tun-strokes. plus m singles. and a scooter \Iontesa i\’lt)n1C.\‘t| is ii Spanish C(tmplllt) rounded by Francesco Bulto. later of Bultacii. and Pedro Permantcr in 1944 The Moiitesa 1: item iei) quick iiiid iii Witt finished third and {earth in the Isle of Man Light- \\t:ight Tl' Bulto left in 1958 “hen the compan) cut hack on sport. but it Wenl on to make successful lrlitl\ machines and won the was Spanish Championship “llll its 250cc. Montesa then concentrated on tilT-road hikes in \arious si/cs up to 350cc, Montgomery An English ma the Montgomcn lasted from the pioneer dais at the turn til the century up to World War 11 The machines were miiae iii Cmentr} in all si/cs from 11 baby Villiers up to big V tiuns. The coni- pan) had some racingi success \iith JAP- cngined models Montjuich Park This park in Barcelona houses the * tng circuit where the car and motoreicle Grands Prix are held lllltt'nillel} \\1Ih thc nevi Madrid Jaramii Circuit. The exhibi» tion buildings used for motor shoiis are on the same SllL‘. )lonllher) The Montlhcr) Racing (‘ireutt neat Pairs has been in use since 1924 for car and motorqclc races and record attempts. and has a banked track part ol the “21) aiotind, There are various combinations til~ road and track to give dillereiit circuit lengths. ranging [mm 1.58 to 7 K miles. The llol d'Or has been held at this C11CU11 Morita This nice eii-cuii iii lllc former Riiiiii that at Mon/a outside Vlilan opened in 1922 itith it 3 47mile road course and a 2 S-milc banked ll’llL . lt \xas used l'or hotli cii ind lllt)lt\lL‘)ClL‘ meetings iinti] I97? ohcii. iii .i iiitilliplc pile-up iii the Italian (irand I’m. Jai'no Saarinen and ken/o Pastiliiii uert: killed and others llthIrCtl II hits since been banned for (“Ur“th‘lL‘TN Mimic. itiiiiiiii- Riiiinic- Moore isii iiip spcctl\\1t) iiiiei iiiiiii iii *iusiiiiiiiiii. Aiitiitiiiii. iii 11m llu iiiiii itie Ne“ Zeiiiiiiia sisiiih isiiiiia < 'hiiiiiiiiiiii. thip iii 19w. iiiiii iieiii iii tangiiiiia ii» iiiic iiii- wiiiiiiicaiiii iii itisii. iigcd 17 H: mm tit \lnpwlflfiurini 115 «111111» 1111111 .1111cr1r.1\.1~11ng 1.11:1 1mm M..1n111_1 111‘ filxl world 1111: in 19§41 11nd ugdm In 1959. and rcllrcd 1n 1971. 1flcrm11n} 1n- 111riex 1n the come 0111M c.1rcc1 In .1 (mar ume appearance in 1975 hc 1111111111 .1 1.11111111111111111115 “-11.11111111-11111‘11111-s, Moped The 1111111111 i» .1 ~m111| "11111111111111- 111111 pedals V11“ 111111chc11 '1 hcxc m11ch1nes have bccn 1n use vmcc 1911 when they Med 10 be cul1cd autocyclcx. 111111 mnpcd 11111 n111 cums 2h '11 n11mc un111 111711111 19611 In Br1lz11n mopeds arc n11 longcr 11b11gcd to have pcduls 21nd mu) b1: operand h) ridcn 111' 111 pnmdcd 1hc muchmcs cannol cxuccd 311 mph. Murhidelli 1'hmc «mall [1.11111n much ham: been made ~1nuu 1968 b (911111011111y Mmludclh H11 511cc 11111111111 cz1p111'11c 111111111111 111111111111. 14151111rpm and mm 11’1C ( N111 (11111111 1‘11\ 111 19711. 11156 11111c11111c~ \11111111.111} 111h1'r 1.11.11 111111 1111' 111m 11.111 1111-41 11mm» 11111 11» \ccnlulrgcm inn 13 1-111" 1‘17? 11111111m11ch1r11>x111111111111 11111111111 \11111111 111111 lunk lhc fin! 111111 «011111 1111mm 111 1111' \\’111111( 11111111111111.11111.11111 11......1111111111 1111111) \UC(C\\C\ mm: \1-111 111.1111 111x 1n pr11.111- |1.11111~ \Inn'ni Ihc Munm 1\ :111 11.111.111 1.1111111 111111h1111 111.11 11.11. 11111 111.1111 .11 1‘11 1,. \111111-11111 111111.11 1111 1111111111.. .1111 11111 111-11111 111 1114:.1.1111.11.11.11. 11111 111111 1-11111 111111 2111111111. 1111-11111 11111111111. 11.11: \1. -1 K111111111-11'~.11111 111 1'1‘1‘1 1111 1.111111 ‘11... 111111111 1111 "1111 V 1.11m 11111111 111 11111 1111111 1111111; s1111111 1111111 111111 \111111 1.1111 11.1111» 11111-11 \111111 \[111.r11 1111.111 111.111 1111 \11111111: 11- 1 11111c1.lu11\-.11111.1111 1.1.11111 1111.1 1111111. 111111111. 1111111111111 1 1 .. 11.1.1.1.111 llti Morris There were No English IntVIDl”C)CltI.\ 01‘ this name. one made with Dr: Dion engines from 1902 to 1905 by William Morris \\ ho founded the car firm and became Lord Nutfield. The other (19133“ nas not con- nected ntth William .\10 and made a 350cc two-stroke with its own engine Mortimeri Charles An English ractltg rider born In [949. Charles Mortimer was the son ofa former rider His first \\ in “as in I966 on Grccyes He then rode a Yamaha until the private team “as disbanded in 1970: following that he rode a works Yamaha. was runner- up in the 125cc 1972 World Champion- ship. and tltird the next year. In 1976 he was runner-up in the 350cc \Vorld Cham- pionship. but has sutl‘cred from a number of crashes. .\Itiser The Moser is a Sntss' machine made for more than 30years from 1905, In addition the firm sold engines to other companies. It was successful in racing with its oht‘ machines. nhich ranged up to 600cc. al- though most were in the 173cc version. There was also an Austrian \Ioscr in the 1950s with a two-stroke engine. not linked \\lll'| the Swiss firm. )Ioskut This Russian motorcycle was made for more than 20 years from 1940 with a V- tviin engine and was used by the army. Later there \\ ere small two-strokes and a transverse flat t\\ in with shaft drive. Nlosporl This racing circuit near Toronto. Canada. is a 2 59-mile circuit when: ll‘lt: Canadian motorcycle Grand Prix has been ritii since 1967. The tn'isty circuit was bitilt with financial aid from the Imperial Tobacco Company and is also used for car racing Motobt‘cane The French Motobecane factory has been going since 1922. making tnore recentl) the Mobylette moped as “ell as traditional machines. In the 1930s the compam made big shaft-driven models as well as sporting singles. It also makes 123cc Iwins for pro» dtiction-bike races. Motobecane has a link nitlt De Tomaso in Ital} who owns Moto Guua and Benelli. Mtitobi Motobi is an Italian make from Gimani Benellt whose brothers make the machines ofthat name, It began in 1951 with uto- strokes anti went on to ohx singles up to 250 \\'lIh pressed-steel frames and tele— scopic forks. eientuall) becoming part of the Benelli l‘old which non belongs to De Tomaso. Mom-Borg.) This Italian product has been made from 190611" 20 } cars. It was made by the Borgo brothers who also raced it in single-c) linder form up to 827cc. Later there were V twins in various zes from 477 to 990cc. At one time there w 'a link with the British Rudge Company and the two firms‘ machines looked alike. In 1926 Borgo dropped bikes in favor of making pistons only. Motoconfort This French motorcycle maker is part oi" the Motobecane Group and makes motor- cycles similar to Motobecane. Motocon— fort started in 1925 but Joined with the other compan) in 1930. A third firm. Poly- mecanique has been making engines for the others since 1928. Motocross Motocross is cross-country racing on motorcycles. originally known in England as scrambling or trials riding. Motocross is a combination of the two other sports \HIh diITerent scoring methods and now has European and world championship races. The) are perha ' iirongly called Grands Prix. which is really a road-racing term for the fastest kind of racing. Moto Guzzi Perhaps the most famous Italian make. .\Ioto Guui has been going since 192] when it was founded by Carlo Guzzi and Georgio Parodi. assuming the eagle badge of pilot Parodi's squadron. The company is now part oithc De Tomaso empire after a huge success in racing with its idiosyn- cratic forward—facing cylinder. One of its milestones was the extraordinary 1956 V8 500cc racing machine. .__-:.-—-E _-II____ 4 \hlrrix7‘lmn (.uui H7 Paul Han‘wm on rm \Imco blamng '4 Hall A! Dcddlngum m I‘17Xm .. mmocmn cwnl \luIUm 510mm 1:1«1111 muchne» Hum 104‘ up 1n hm 11:1 1111‘ 111 mm 11141117 196-1, :I1 11‘.n-\l1n‘1\u Cngma {mm Pen- 11 110121». wohx limb I1 nenr 1n (or 11111101111 w hr» 11» w“ m 101 nnmmm». ”mu, “1:11: 1\1“1 1111111114116 genmmo \lnmsucuchk‘ 1‘ §\\1\‘ 111111 .111x11111111h'rl111 IWII ex 11:1!11' 195‘, xelhng l~ mm mm: 11nd engnm» nu -\ pcuplumulc‘ 11.: \HGI 111-1 111% dh 'l1uD_‘.11\h-n ' 11.11 nude mum NMK ulhlm 1 ~11" or brqcre lhx.‘ “4‘? .cc, 111 1 E1 414111111». 111111171; 12115.11 1mm 11.111 \Luchlm 111111 hard 1:1;1m'lcx 111 me‘c. L 1111:} The} LLlhl‘hCC 11~ funnumcm 1111c 111c|mh11g :hc l$ ‘1 . TT FAIHUUx 31k1111m111drm1‘50 ”1:71 Hr» “111110115 w 1. 11m 1c M111 1'1: 111411}, 4an 111v] Med 1m- 1 uleu 11.11. :nmlcl bd-v g Hm ~11|Ichcd 1n unluxlrm] cngmcw urn n 511 mm 11 41411 dme Molmrnns “0101erIxxthprmhhtncm }\1111r|1 hn been mnking 1hc lrnlnm Ducnn mnchme: mm 1957 11 pmduuuw me nhc ~1nglc~ up 10 350cc and nl>o m mm (is, "le 1n 50cc mopeds nnd runnhmm. )lullcr. Egon This Germnn speed\1n}_ gm“: 'md nmdr luck rzlcm hm \mn 111.111} “‘le bm-n 111 I9 11 KIL'I And b n In come (0 11m1cc1n 1972 In 1h: 1\e\l_\'e.1r he won rhc 111111011111 lnng~lmck 1111c. and 11m ““1111 HIGH much mmlrlmck 1111c 1n H374 and 19' . and 11m (icrmun ('hmpiomhip 11> H: \\d\ m1 111 111751 He nude 111121 Jppcumnces in Hrimh xpccnhuuihc “an 111 (he Rm “1' 11m \\'m'1d\pccd\\1\'\udc u hlch bczu 11mm In 1977 and he \\11~ 5m cmh in \hc \mrld 111ml Hc ulm “on (he Srrungbmx Brunh Lvng Truck Gmnd Pr1\ gum mccung 11nd :e1 :1 \mrld recurd on grass “uh :1 lap 1n (iurnmm :11 135.11kph. .\Iu11c1 ulm “on 11m German Long Truck Chumpinnth 11nd sel :1 world record speedmn lap at 5‘1 Zékph.He1>npnp >ingcr\\hnhz1$ nude record» Munch Fr1cdcl \1u11ch mudc lhc f0\ll"C)1HlLlL'l \lunch \lummul m xpccml unlcr .um 1m 1n1l|1|loneromhruCuxlnmcr on 1119 Mm nl' Lm .\SUA11-Coulcd L'LH cngme 111 [958 He had back _ {rum the hue Flaw (1)1118L Am Amen m puhhshcr. then from Heinz Henke. ‘\ ‘hree-qlindcr 1no-quc u.“ uurnduccd and 1.1m- drnppcd 1n mnccw lr'ulc unlhc i'uur. and lhcrc \1 1n 111m 11 \hnrl- lucd mung pmgmm wnh Helmur huh 11nd Haul Oucxlc Munch h1msclf finally left 111 197”, nu make mm 1111 h1~ mm (rczulmL {he lMlUcc T'IS 1'. \ll of I11» machmcx \\crc hand bu1h. Lell chrge O'Dull. mic iii lht gm” “dun" mien. y :u Sllxerslnne Hi: \lus \\ur]il Chdmplnn in R|ghl Angel Nlcio on in, Minarellirengiiied mnunl a! Huckenheiin in mm \IV Aguslii Thix Ilaliiin company which made heli- cnpicm came into molUI‘C) cle miinul'ziclurc in W46. and has had cnormou: Suc racing and building production machines. In |977 II hzid financial problems iind made fl Ilnk vlilh another llzlliiin maker. DucalL who was hmliling MV machinex, MZ MZ is an Easl German make huili in the 01d DKW \Vorkx (II Zxchfifluu. which glue it the name. Mniiirradwcrke Zechopau The cumpnn) makes l\\'fl~ilr(lkcs in \ai mus \‘ilcs up lo 350cc iind iilsr) miilnermx ma- chine: which hmc hccn \cr} succexsl’ul in compelilinn Walcr-cooled \erxion: are used for road racing With lvuii two-stroke engines and lhc machines hall: been ridden by many differenl lop riders m'ei' Ihewars. An unusual reiiiuic IS ii gear drl\’C in place 0! a primary chain From 1946 the old [)KW vlm‘ks made Ihl: lFA. and the MZ eame ailing in 1953. ualllg mum uni Valves io Iced ihc inurumkc cnginc: N National Miller SA \‘aciiinal Molar SA has been the Spanish makcr 0| [he Derhi mumrcyelc \incc I‘JSI. ii lei-y suc irul Iighlwelghl mm, The L'Unlpdn) i» il‘L‘dlel nciir Barcelunu Nuandcr An exlrzmrdlllllr} creilllull i‘mm (iermun) defilgllcd h) Izl‘ml heumalln-Nclinderand made for (mi) Inc ycaiw from 1024. lhix machine had :I frame ul'ilulliluiiiin pliilcd inih cadmium which (ilLi nui nced prrlleul- ing wnh painr. 'lhcre were oihcr liddilio. Inn. such m :i leiilxpiuug rmm iiui and :. fuel tank inxide [he lizime. Nciiiidei uxed \liiimu (Iii mm iil'cngines I'iivni lillle lilcc hm» xlrnkm up til 0% min JAPx :lnil men laced ai Brnokland» 'l'he Opel Ci’ll‘ him made sonic Nellndcn undci licence Ner-a-Car Thn " linuiher c ‘L‘nlllc dog by [he Aim-i iciin J Neizichcr which mud .i bucket \Cul like a car and hub ccnici wlcclillg on \omc modelx. li “Us huili in Engliind \‘elllllayer, Dr Fm, [)i l‘i'il/ NUIIIIIUCI “in the man behind ihc Ziindapp mnlin'clclc in hui'cinhcig. whn ~llll‘led Ihc C(ll‘llpllll} in l‘ll7 and died in 193‘ Hi» \Uh. “illhi “Clinch. limk mel‘ and hccamc zlwhlillll mzinnging dircciin, '1 hi: cunipiiny made man} model» inclililr lily lllc Iiimmh 751! Hall l\\]l\ used h) the Gemini iii-m) \\l\i\ mica”. \eubuld. John 'liu. Blitixli mild mu um bum in Daily wwwm “9 1' lhu ”llll‘h my \crr:r( :lf «1“ >hlrc In 105: und begun racing in 1971. Hc nus secuiid in (h: Gi'mcunml Aunrds in l071. und “us in [he Su/uki Rum in W75: hr finished second in \he Belgian Grund Prix. l‘uurih lll ihu Duich. uud wwmh m lhc World Championship He “in am I'mu'lh in the Motor (3d: Neus 7505|1pc|> ml by :m \mr‘nhln mm 1 "firhorxcpougr simplu luuwuuhk‘ mgmc mic Chumpiunship, In 1975 Neubold “on lhc \Vm'ld Championship r- 1‘ ul Brno and \\:is film in ihc 500 title and third in lhe Fl.\1 750 Formula Championship. New Gl‘rnlld Thu New Cvcrrurd \\:is u British machine mudc for 30 y urs from 1922 by rucc ridcr Jock Purlcr in Edinburgh Scotland. He used Blackburnc uud JAP engines and won races with his own machines, including the 1923 Lighlu‘cighl Tl" ul 51.93mph. New Hudson This Brilish nuichinc was made in Birming- hzim from l‘)l0 until [951 The company was making bicycles bcl'orc than and stained \\i1h u clipion engine ll went on to make u 500 which vizis raced successfully by Bert lc Vuck. New Hudson stopped making machines in 1933 but designed an ziulocycle which was made by BSA from 194]: after lhul i1 nniuul‘uclurcd suspension uni .. Ne“ Imperial A Briush munul'uclurcr which began in [90]. New Imperial railed In sell the first muchin nd retired until l9l0. it had some lulcl using succ . winning (he 350cc Tr Cl: s in l92l. 1924 (plus the 350). 1921 1932, and I936. After that the com- pany hud money problems. was boughl by luck Sungsler of Ariel and Triumph, but dcclincd mlh World War ll. Nu“ (rumor \uriiiiii tzr New 31;”) This French m‘dCllmC “at made for more than 30ycar‘1‘rom 1920. It ran from under l00cc up to l000\\'i1h l0 dIlTerent makes of bought-out enginex, In it» later yezirs the firm went in for mo-xtrokes. mopeds. and men scooters. New Scale , This English make from Harry Scale was made from 1909 ror nearly 20 years. It used other people‘s engines and the mach cs were unremarkable: eventually it was bought out by the Engliupremc m rmd racing rm 10years,Thecompun_\ began m 190:, origmally wuh \mponed cngmc» from [he ('onuncm and “cm on m “m th‘ fim '[T 111 19117 AHer 11ml Normn nc\cr Inukcd buck and cmmnued unming unIII (he 1950\111umulgumuledmunhc A>\0C1dlud Momr ‘ '1L‘\ (imup m 1961 NutL Ernie Erme Non 1511 Hnli~h mud raccr \vhu wun Iumc “uh Rudge-Whmmnh Ildmg m [he \\‘0rk\ (cum in the 1931 “C \\ 1n ~ccnnd In the Junmr 1—1" of 1930 m 70.8'Jmph. lhild m 1931 \u‘h I" ‘Iex‘! 111p ul 71.73mph m Ihc nghnxclghL und thud in mu Lighlwclghl m 19 He ulsn mm the 3511 c111“ m lhc French (imnd PriK an Mnmlhcr} m 1931 on Rudgc. and mdc v‘m qumrnu m 1935 \uycc. Graham (imhnm Mm 1.x u mp mum] mmucmxx ndey \\hu um Brmxh ('humpnm m 1976 and 1977. ”L‘ begun Iidlug 1n ~1\)c,|r>nl‘ Age um] um mung 111 I!) m 'houlbu} uenls. “inning \hc 0pm (rum. ~hmthu} Chumplonship 1H 15 11c (mic llu~q\:un.L 11mm Mumu. 11nd um Immh m the 5111ch- Wmld ('hmnpwmlup m 197b, 1n 1‘)“ he “(h m m: Hnmm \qux [mm (imlmm N0}L‘U nun ‘hc \thI if)“ ancmw (‘lmmpmnth m 1‘17‘). (11c 11M ann m “in the mlc m 14 )uuh VSL NSb \\;\~ 11 gluul (icrmzm mm “mm hcgnn m 1‘)1|U\\1l1111\HUUVH/L‘dh1k'1k’1L‘111 Ihc mm“ 1.1 \itckmwmm Much plm 111m 1hr numc, Tm- gunman) nmnlr mull] mu- uhmcx 11nd duhhlcd m mu! ' bums 19,111: 11 lunk 11w “mld \pccd It ml m 1M1 1n 1X11mphun :1 nipmclxuxgcxl 54m nddcn m V\I1hc|m 11ml 1mm 1‘)\}m\\\1|1d NSI mum-(1 duh" 11 .md 2511:: nmuhmo “Inch umk 11w muhl 1111c 11ml limo In Win (1w mm Ahmnluuud mung 11ml “m muhug: mun]; ccuumn) muchmm 1ka xhc {\‘sx' ()mckl} d111hl|1gh>l|11”Mug \mxld \pccd rcmnk “uh171u\\nm;n;1lluc~ “mun-{wh- prmlumnn Ck‘ihcd m 1057. but can ucnl «In uuul N31 Nu hung)“ 1“ Mull that: The \ortnn command" Llama mm ‘511ct’engtnctundettt wow. almost m. m m m.- lutr um“. I1.» \tntage ancestor. the tags \mwn \th wot-t- un: tltnder rngtne‘ .Vurburgring This motor-racing circuit was built in the Eil'el Mountains of Germany in 1927 in [“0 loops. the Southern 4.8 miles and the Northern 1-117 miles. which is the one mostly used, After changes the northern lap is now 17.91 miles, The German motor- cycle Grand Prix has been on both south- ern and northern loops (on which tltere are 91 left-hand bends and 85 right-hand) and has alternated betueen Nurburgrtng and Hockenheim since 1970 Car drncn hu\e banned the ring as too dangerous. and in 1974 the motorcyclists too refused to race. NUT This British machine was made from 1912 to 1911 at Newcastle-upmt-Tyne. whose initials named the machine. The founder. Hugh Mason. “on the 1913 Junior TT al 43.7Smph. using a 330cc JAP V twin. He won other races and set records. and the firm could not meet the rush of orders. After World War 1 Ihe company went bankrupt. but started again in 192]. closed again in 1922. and reopened in 1923. NUT gave up racing and made fewer sporting models. but the end came in 1933. Nuvolari, Tacit) Generally regarded as the greatest motor- racing driver of all time. Nuvolari‘ *0 had a distinguished career on two wheels. He \\ as born in 1892 near Mantua and was first a racing cyclist. He was nearly 30 when he started to race motorcycles in 1920. and his firstwin was in 1923. In 1924 he became Italian Champion on Norton. He won the Grand Prix des Nations in 1925 on Bianchi when bandaged up after a car crash. and was lifted onto his machine. Nuvolari gave up motorcycle racing in 1930. and drove his last car race “hen he “as 58. which he “on. He died tn [953. N" One of the few Swedish makes. NV manu- factured from 1926 and merged into the MCB-thark group. The company orig- tnally made 250cc ohv singles. and after that small two-strokes with bought-out engines, 0 OD This German motorbike was manufaev lured in Dresden from 1927 to 1937 rang» mg from 3305 up to 1000. using British JAP and Swiss MAG power units. The firm also made some racers in the 500cc class and later smaller two-stroke models. The last efl'orts were three-wheelers. O'Dell, George A successful British sidecar rider who won a third-place Grovewood Award in 1972. George O‘Dell has risen to the top of the field. He was second in the 500 Sidecar "IT in 1974 riding a Konig at 86.2lmph and has won many other events. Including the World Sidecar Championship in 1977 on a four-cylinder Yamaha TZ 750. He also broke the 100mph barrier for sidecars on the TT course with a 1977 lap at 102.88 mph. OEC The Osborn Engineering Company was building motorcycles in the Isle of Wight. all“ England‘s southern coast. for Black- burne from I914. but its own machine did not come until 1920. It made many odd machines. including a SIGCCQI’ outfit,taxi with a steering wheel, and solo bikes with duplex steering. Production stopped in 1930. but OEC bounced back in a Ports» mouth factory with more strange devices like the Atlantic Duo. from which it was said to be impossible to Ta“ 011”. The works was destroyed in a wartime air raid. but the company moved to a new one. making lightweights and a speedway machine. but eventually faded away in the 19505. Ogar ngtr was a Czech machine made from 1934 to about 1950. on a single-model policy of a 250 two-stroke. with a 500 l l l l and tit ellitli speeduay machine as extra. ln postwar years a twin tuo-stroke was produced. which looked likea Jawa. under UK nation- ali7ed industrial setup. OK-Supreme After two false starts this British machine came on the market in 1911 using Pre» cision engines. After the war the firm came back with two—strokes. They were sold simply as OK unli11927 when the Supreme was added after a board-room split. The company won the Lightweight TT in 1928 With Frank Longman riding at 62.90mph. its only win. The best-known model for many years was the ‘Lighthousef so-called from a glass inspection plate in the cam- shaft tower. OK-Supreme closed with the war. apart from some grass-track machines in 1946 Hie “flush OK Supreme ol 1927 “an 25¢ t- for the Lighlueighl TT. in \Vhicli a imam aunt Oliter. Eric Eric Oiiyer is a British sidecar champion who began riding solos before World War 11 and went into top sidecar racing alter RAF service. He alvtays rode Norton and was World Sidecar Champion iii 1949. 1950. 1951. and 1953. and introduced the modern type of streamlined outfit He retired in 1955. ()llcaro This Italian factory was active for 30 years from 1923 making machines up to 5006C with shaft drive and some two-strokes with smaller engines. Ollearo did not engage in competition. Olsen. Ole Danish speedway rider Ole Olsen was born in 1946 at Hadersley and first rode in 1965. :.i.-:ii Heuon the Danish :indTra Champion ship in 1971. 197 and 1973. then neat to ride in England. lust rm Neueaxtle anti then Wolterhampton, He won the Worltl Championship in 1971 and 1975 ()in 1'1ie Opel ear factory. novt part ot‘ the General Motorsempire. made motorcycles I'I‘om time to time from 1901 up to 1930, The company also made bicycles and early machines were bicycles with motors at- tached. The last models were the Motoclub uith 500cc siiiglmcylinde‘r engines. ()‘sa '1' Spanish make has operated since 1951 with two-slrokc engines. mostly in the moped and off-road market for motocross and trials. Its British works rider. Mick Andrews. has won 1110 Scottish Si\ Days three times as well as the European title. ()ulton Park Oullon Park is a British racing CerHil in the north of England with two alternative laps. of 2.761 and 1 654 miles in a wood land . tling with a lake used for the Anglo» American races. noonfymn Suit-m ( Imulwttn «anyt- o'mti “air passenger ('lill llollanil mummi- :a slimming NurlyurgringNOiilhin Pink I25 m1 .mu \hvuu .u [mum \ Imhun r.""".,_,, , Owesle. Horst German engineer and racer Horst Owesle helped Heltnut Fnth produee the URS sideear engine. He also rode the machine to “in the 1971 World 500cc Sidecar Championship. p Pahtttco Pahateo was the United States importer of the Yamaguchi until it closed in 1963. and since then. ld the .lztptlnCSCrbulll Hoduku ofl'rroatl bike The (Utopian) started with a 90cc l\\t)-\lr0Le and a one model policy. but later dnemlied, choosmg strange names like the Combat \Vumb‘at and the Dirt Squirt. It ollere(l 100. IZS. and 250cc machines and won the Canadian 100cc Motocross (huniptonslnp. The Don R m 1915 t. \Mngr Mhlth utt- t'nglne took the urt- frame ‘ (K M "\ttCl‘llflL' 1“ mt the (low ntubc nt Palomo. Victor Victor Paloma is :1 Spanish road racer who “on the FIM Formula 750 title in l976. but has had more crashes than Wins. He was formerl) a wat- ' iing champion. tried motocross and hill climbs. and then road-racing on Norton and Yamaha. P & M This British maker of the Panther motor- cycle was active from about 1904, The name came from the initials of partners Jonah Phelon and Richard Moore. A fea- ture was that the engine also acted as the front down-tube Connecting the steering head and bottom bracket. In the I930s the cut-price Red Panther sold for less than £30 fully equipped. The big single 600cc was also distinctive. and even two-strokes were tried before the firm died in l967. There were also two German Panthers (1903 07 and 1933773) which were not A h’cnch Peugciii spiiii 311m- mdkl‘llllc {iii ihc 1924 TT races connected. and the later one sold in Eng- land as the Leopard. P it P P & P is a Brilish meiorcycle made by the partners Erling Poppe and Gilmour Pack- man from 192210 1930' They started with a very unorthodox dc gn which was never produced. and followed With the Silent Three With a 350cc Barr and Siroude sleeve-valve engine. Then came a 976cc JAP twrn and a 250 which tinishul fifth in the TT. The firm failed Io sell many ma- chines and closed during ll’lc Depression Parilla Parilla was an Italian maker from [946 to (lwt‘xle I967. when it stopped making hikes [UCUIIV centrale on engines. The firm started with sports and racing machines and finished with small Iwn-strnke and single-cylinder nhv hikes and engines for kairt ratings Parker, Jack British speedway rider whn w; ' born in l908. Jack Parker retired in l9 3 ‘iiltei 11 car r which began in 1928. He was a ti ink rider before taking to the dirt track. and Th: Hrimh i- it P molt)rc)clc mndt‘ lll the Lite I920» ihn one In 192x \‘lllh Mitt \ldCr\ijl\k' JAl’ engine (luVClnpcd the BS»\ \miiiiiii iiiiit-iiiiit» His “Ills included the siiii ehiiiiiiiiiiiship in 1934. :i iiiiiiih iii the \VUlltl t'h.iiii,iiiiiir ship iii 1937. iiiid a seeiiiiii iii 1-141) Parrish. Sloie A l'armer from Hertl‘Oidxhnc Fullldnd. Slew: P1)rrl\ll whii iiic Bl'ilish t iiiiiiipihii. ship in l‘)7l on dm nuckx Hc “(m the Omurm 30!! on Yamaha m 1974 and lhcn the Duymna 1110. He “us in thc Amuncun [mm which hem Brilzun in the l97-l Trdlhnllunuu xcric rldmg l‘riumph. and th‘n rulumcd w Yamaha. He hmdonu \\'L'll m Lhc AMA cnmpcliliun cwr) )‘cnr xmcc I968 ml Rmcr Rmu h lhu nlllhh luxurycar concern. mm run of qulmd (hrs. which made motochlb from 1903 m 1925 In fact [hm 191] Sollccldqul unul ulmml 1hccnd n" pl ndmunn Rmcr mm m for all mm M Cmnpcmmm. “11h mnud luml The LN mom-h “u \ 15(lccuml '4 350m \k‘l’r \mn uflhu \umc \\h\ch (lid not sell Royal Enfiuld Raul Enllclll ix 1: Bl insh mJlxc L‘\lL|l'\llaiidson in 1976 and won the AMA Championship. which he repeated in |977 Sprite This British oil-road machine was made from I964 l0 W78 in Birmingham by trials rider l'rank Hipkin in various sves for \ertimhles. trials. and muloerms uwing iarious engines including a copy of the HUSqHHnLL Sprite sent a number ol‘ the machines to the Uniied States to he sold as the American Eagle Standard There were (W0 difl’erent German eom~ panim using this name. one which sold a small two-stroke machine From 1922 to 1924. The other German company 11925 55) also had 1] SW s factory and used Swiss MAG engines viith 350 to IGOUCC units and some JAP-engined tviins {or racing. Steinhausen, Roll A German Sidecar ace. Roll Stemhamcn “21> born in July 1943 and won the world \htnt,‘ suit-ear diet-r» in tin- Mi- ol \itin Roll Steinliauwn i.\n “It, inn-e \inrlti ( hampmn. inllmicd by Sieic mum“ at “niewnih \lI tars BL’iUH' numb toad nit-u. I-uui smni. mi .l stunt. rating "I < .iiimmn JaeL Sletetts mm hl~ mt US TT mm Mam: He lltthi’tt‘d sixteenth after it (all. title on Komg 11'] 1975 and 1976. He started out on BMW after a serious solo a “ldenl at 18 and won the German Chumpio hip in 1970. then switched to the Gertnan two- stroke Konig. World Chm t ., in,“ \u t'lltg John't. tlit‘ only mm H) be “orltl Champion on tmth b. Stetens This British machine was made by the Stevem brothers who started the A18 firm. after they had sold this company to the Collier brothers in 1931. The machines “ere traditional ohi' singles in 150. 3501 and 500 form: Stevens engines also ap- peared in the AJW. Sun Sun “as a British make which lasted for 50 years from 191 1. and started from a former bicycle factory now part of the big Raleigh group. The firm made mostly two-strokes up to 1932. and came back with similar mounts in 1948. Sunbeam This British make \\ as known {or its quality product. made from 1912 to 1957. The ’Gentleman‘s Motor Bicycle' as it was called it as all-black with the rear chain en— closed in the traditional 'Little Oil Btttli.‘ Tlte Model 90 won the 1928 Senior TT and the manufacturers‘ team award. In 1936 Sunbeam became part of [\x‘sttt‘lalcd Motor Cycles who also had Matchless and AIS. After \Vorld \Vur I! it produced the shttft—drnc 500 ll’0kc. twin RD 56. Don \‘esco beeamea Yamaha dealer and launched out on his spectacular record-breaking cigar-like machine which he runs on the Bonnmille Salt Flats. The last one. Silver Bird. housed two 750cc Yamaha racing engines, Vespn Vespa is a leading make of Italian motor scooter wh1ch wnh Lambrctta hcadcd the scooter htmm The machines were made at the Piaggo “orks at Pontedera from 1945 onuard. the name being Italian {or ‘\\asp' and the machines built by an aero com- pany. They were also made in England by the Doug s motorcycle company trom 1951 to 1963 in Bristol to the tune oi‘inore than I" 000 As well as the standard 135 and models there uere sporti a very sions called the Gran Sport and the Super Sport Veteran and Vintage Old motorcycles are catered for in many countries by special clubs. [n anlaiid the Vintage Motor Cycle Club. formed in 19-16. has more than 5000 members. and holds regular runs and races There is also the Collectors Club. formed in 1954. and the much older Association of Pioneer Motor Cyclists datingy from 1928 In the United States the appropriate club is the Antique Motor Cycle Club dating from 1954 and iii South Alrica the Veteran and Vintage Club. There are also clubs in Australia and many European countries Victoria This famous German make dates from 1905 until it was taken over by I‘ichtel & Sachs in 1966 The company also tried its Iiaiid at cars from 1907 to 1909 It made machines from 74cc up to 600. but one of the famous models “as the Bergmeister ot‘ 1951 \iitli at 3500C tour-stroke \Ytum env gine. In 1953 Vietoiia joined DK\\' and Express to form the chiradL'nion. but this did not one the firm at a poor time for motoreyc _ A Scottish Victoria \\J\III‘I(IC I'rom 1902 to 1926i. unconnected \\1I1’I the German eoitipan) It used {our makes of bought-out engines in matliines from 115 up to 70ttec Villa, Walter Walter Villa is one of the greatest Italian riders who t\ .is 250cc World (‘liaiiipion iii Comfort spec Cycle mm but a seat and steering “heel r mat-timet- aid not m 1974.1975.artd1976tm Hurley rim mmotycle “as thc'1'-\(‘ (Touring Auto (Bulel, \\hicli became 1he Ti\1(‘ (Touring MmorCycchmha “Mei-cooled (our. The TAC “as more unorlhmlrn \\ilh n bucket seat and rhe opium of a uccnng wheel. bul mun: 01' 1h: machinex >unii0d the hm World \\ ar “'illiams. Charlie Charlie \V1ll1‘dn‘h is a BrmSh road nicer in the Honda lUIlg-LthIIICE learn He siarlcd on Mulchlc» in 196‘). and mining on had man) slICCL‘th‘A in the TT. He did well on Yamaha 1!] the 250 clames and rode Honda l’cicr \\ill|am~. (he ,\m|m Hranil~ Haieh Lumcr \lnnh may luridmi. mg m in». in \h: um in cndulance _ winning 11w Barcelona 34 H(H11'\ in 1976 HI: finished third in the Count d'Endurancc xcrrcx “11h Sum Woods. In [977 the pair w.» wound at [he Narburgriug and “an at Thrnxloa. \V‘lliams lnhn This Hr road raccr begun riding in 1964 and died after a crash m inc 1978 Ul>ler Grand Prl\ John “'illiams rmlc \ulith make: until he \“ilCllL‘ll m the [\HY-all‘fikC Yamaha in 1975. won lllE Cldsali‘ TT than 30:“ and the ne\l. and “as wemnl in 1077 and 1978 He hnd mm the 500cc Ulalcr awn! uhcn he crushed He had alao had wins and place: in the TT racm \Villia s. Peter A Br ,sh mad racer on Norton Peter Williams retired :Iflcr being injured in :1 197-1 (rash. He started racing in 1963 and mu placed in many cvcnls. including a second in the 1967 Senior TT. and won the 500cc British Championship in 1970. He \\ on [he I‘ormuln 750 T1 in 1973. He turned down many nil‘era to ride foreign machines to stay with Norton. Wilson. Ray Ray Wilson is a British speedway rider nho was born in March 1947 in London and iron the Briiish Champinmhip in 1973 He led many English lcams to wins in inlcrnalional eicnls like Ihe World Cup Team Final (1971). and four winning years in ihc World Team ('up for England. He also led ihe England team 10 win lhc Inter- Nalions Tournamenl in 1972 and um second in the European Championship. ‘4. The mp much mommm Champion 0min \mmnk lmpl “ding 111. Suzuki mum in me 5112111111 Grand pm ut 1977 1111111111 \Vuls" k. Gerri! Ge il Wolsink is 11 Dutch Motocross (‘humpion who named full lime in I966. He wus born in 1947. "c mdc Husqwrnzi until he inincd Mum) and was second in Ihc Trans-Am scr , in [he United Sléilcx lhcn movcdlo Suzukiund wusélguinTrzmv Am runner-up. Hc wuc second in llic 501) World Championship in 1976 11nd ll’Hrd 111 1977 \Vouds. Slanlcy Slunlcy Wood» is m lrihh mud ruccr \1 ill: an unbeaten record of ll) Tl wim Lind sm en in thc Ulster Grandl’i'ix.up111‘lli’mn olhcr cwnls Ilc wus hmn in Dublin 11nd [int rods in “It TT in 1922211 17. finithg film. He rode many makcs bclure he‘imncd Norton in l926 and won the Scmm. 1hcn bnlh Junim and SC or in hull) I‘M] 111111 1933 in 1m cighl-ycur run 111 mum-xx He mmcd 10 Mom Gu/71 11nd vmn hum lnLlJOl’ TTs ziguin in 19.75 Hc mmcd 10 Vclnccllc and won the Junior [\Hcc. bu1 \Vurld War II cndcd lnx C‘Jl’CL‘I‘. Wnnlcr John Woolei' productd mung: mzicluno 111 the annual niolm‘cytlc \him In Londun bcmccn 191] and 195-11 but fun Gillian e1 er \ccm 10 1111\c been munulliciuml Hc bought the im'mcr P ac P Comm") 11ml mud: i1> dcugnx up In 1030. hul came buck lmcr \xilh hix unurllmdnx 111cm right up In 1955. \Vurlll Championships 'll1c World (‘liumpmnxhun 1n mud mung begun only 111 194‘). although lhclc were inmmnimml mmpclmmu lelllng buck In 1hu 192m pmmhip 1n 193x “1111 eight C\cn1~ in \11 1- lhcic was :1 11111111111" clum- 0115 cnumricx. \Mm by (icmg Mac. on ll\1\N1n 111c 7011 111m, 1-;“11111 Kluggx um. officmmny, mi 11m 2m DKW. 11ml Tm \1cllols M Hiilum (m the 7511 Vulnccllc. 'n. lbe mama \Mmiu Light l'our of ma. one at the lmghtrhm \VorldChampltmshlpshmculsod 'L'Iopcd in other branches of motorcycle sport. for example trials. motocross. and speedvta} \Vorld Speed Record The world motorcycle speed record “as (i 'st recognized in 190‘) “hen W F, Cook of England did 7: 12mph met the fiting kilo- meter at Brooklands on the NLG \tith a Peugeot tum engine Many riders hau- spectalt/ed m record breaking right from the earl) dais. notably Belt 10 Vack. Ernst Henne. Noel Pope, Ptero Tarutli. Don Vesco. and man} nthets. and the rate at" piogim has "one up to mole than 300 mph Brooklands “as not used altct 1923‘ riders looked fm strateht toads “here met-d trials we held. in France. Hungary. and notabl} the Italian and German motor mads. In more recent times the lionnetille [he rm: warm-n “may lvtndna ol l'HU mth .i 5mm Salt Flats has been me tenue for the high- speed Ventures. Y t'amuguchi Yamaguclti was a popular Japanese make front l94l to 1964 when Hodaka took over the factor) The firm made 50cc and 123cc two-strokes in both road»going and off» road sporting form before the now-famous names took over the whole Japanese in- duslt‘) Yamaha This major famous Japanese maker with three motorcycle factories was founded in 1955‘ although the parent company is much older. The company began with a 125cc two-stroke and. after building its name on lwo—slrokes. branched out into bigger Superbikes in the 750 four-stroke category and above. It now has a range of models in all the popular engine capacities Yamaha has also had a successful racing history. winning the 350cc World Cham— pionship for four years running (1974777), I the 50000 in I974, the 250 from 197] to 1975. and the IZS in I973 and 1974. Yoshimura, Hide» Hideo Yoshimura is a Japanese former racer known as ‘l’t’tps~ who has built up a successful tuning business. novt in the United Stat He was born in [922 and both rode in I es himself and tuned ma» chines for others in Japan before he moved to the United States. where his machines have been successful in road racing and record breaking. He prepared a Kawasaki 900cc four-cylinder 2] which Y\on Du Hamel rode to a record speed of 150.29 mph at Bonnetille in 1973. ____J “irrld sprui Rm irrrrupp 1 Young. Jack Auxlruhim xpcuduu} rider luck Young “on [he Wurld Chzimpiimw‘hip rim 3mm running in 1951 and 1952 He mined riding in the 194m and mm ed [0 England. later becoming Cuplain of the Edinburgh icum Lind “inning [he Scutmh Ridcrx Chump promhrp ihrue 3. "in In u 1'0“, Hc rcured and rciurncd in :\li\1rfli|£\ in ihc 1960; \‘ugoslai Grand Prix Held until 1978 in UK Circuit a: un Adrruuc 5 men! hm had \mrld Chumplonshlp naiu.» uncc 1969. “hen 11 cmcrcd :1 full pmgrnm from 50 m 500:: [n1973ihcmp riders and pr safe ' 1 77mm: Opruurr rmdc rcw‘OrL lhh main entrants rcfuscd U7 iic‘ and cndsd up “uh sttpethtkes. and did \wH in mung. Yttmuhtt “an tt tttuslcdl Instrument muket under tht- mum at \lpptm tutti ( tupmw Musimt [minimum before mm mg thc [no-“heel “Grid in m4 [0 pmduut- cumumll} tmc or \11: it tum Mllge> ot hikex 09' An} L’m‘npun} Thc mmm-qcte Comps“) begun “uh a 115cc “htch \\;ts not unltkc the BS \ ”unldl‘n. and \tent into mnluhpnll H‘nl‘nediulel}. ttt Iit~t tn dUIHLNIlC cu‘nlx. hut h) 1%] it “1h tt pint of the inlet- ~ ~ttpcrmr tn cmnplcxit) \th [“0— fllfliuntll \ccnc llx V'iitm'x \\L xtmhc cngtncs \\ Ith dhk \ulvc» and “(Her—Cooling in V4 format- “on but \ch only 125 m' 1<00; cupncity. They pcakcd at 17‘000' 121.000mmtttntl \wrc not 5 blc for beginners But the end came t'nr thtwu complicated muL‘hInL‘S “hen the governing body of mung. the HM. bunncd man: than me cylinders in machines or ich than 2505:. Yttmzthtt pcnlslcd by racing near-production machines in 150 and “Du form with two-stroke cttgines. and continttcd to be all! i'ul. As \wll tts thus: might} midgets the company mudu a 750cc \upcrhikc called the TZ750A or 0W3] on which Stew r m thc United States \\‘on lhc World Championship in the 750 a . Like Ihc othct' big Japanese makers Yamaha aim has 1t super» mm tut-mtg ”t m» \Jn‘H ttrthx‘uuumtlid mt: bike monster. one of the biggest of them all at llOOec. a four- cylinder iiith shaft drive called the X51100 which matches the Honda Gold Wing for size. weight. and speed. Like the Gold Wing it is a tourer \\ hich excells in straight-line performance, These brief histories of the Italian and Japanese companies illustrate how difficult it is for the amateur to play with the mechanics of a modern machine in search of more performance unless he has exceptional knowledge and skill The emphasis has shifted with the modern machine so that anyone who is not satis- fied with what he can buy can go to one ofseveral super»experts who make changes to production machines and market them as an improi ed package which the DIY individual could not possibly produce himself. The first man to produce and market a hybrid machine was Dave Degens. who put a Triumph engine in a Norton Featherbed frame and called it a Triton. He soon had people wanting him to make one for them to race. Previously a Norton engine in a Triumph frame had been tried. but that had proved unsucces'ful [n the 1960s Norton had the handling but not the s 'ghtrline performance. which was why people began to build Tritons even before Dave Degens. Degens had won the 1965 Barcelona 24- Hotir race on one. although at that time he called it a Dresda or Dresda Triton with a fishtailed sea-God with horse‘s front legs on the badge. One ofthese people was John Viccars. who won a race at the London Crystal Palace Circuit on one, although he called it a JV Special. Others did the same thing. with varying degrees of skill. and thus the Triton was born. At one time Manx Norton machines minus engines and gear- boxes were available because drivers wishing to compete in the first postwar poor man‘s racing, the Formula Three or 500cc formula. could not buy Norton double-knocker engines because the company would not sell them. If they were rich enough they bought a complete machine and discarded what they did not want. The Triumph Speed Twin. a prewar model now back on the market. offered the right power. even more so in its later forms as the Bonneville or Tiger, and that was the engine which went into the Featherbed frame. Sometimes riders made their own frames. but they were a variegated lot. Three of the other specialists who sell (or sold) performance were Norton tuners. or to be precise two were Norton tuners and the third started as such but has ’nce diversified into the modern Japanese makes as well. They are Francis Beart. Steve Lance- field, and Paul Dunstall Bean started as a rider himselfand ended up as an entrant with other people riding machines he had prepared, very often {or the \Iccltaliirs and ('ttstotililitit: wt I\ ter} ma mm.“ heclcr ilcttl thlh .i \ w cnginc and 21 pair ofcustom bikes from California works themselves. He was the high priest of the Norton and em- ployed some ofthe best rider: well as working on other makes of machine when it suited him. Steve Lancefield was in some ways a rt is he too was a Norton man. and prepared machines for events like the Daytona 200 which involved making them conform to American iegula- tions. Beart also performed at Daytona. but in difl‘erent years, Paul Dunstall was also a racer who turned tuner. and then started a business selling bolt»on items and from Norton has ex- panded to Honda. Suzuki. Yamaha. and Kawasaki as each has taken over. He has also designed his own changes to machines. such as special exhaust s'.lL‘n‘ts and disk brakes. and sells them over the counter to the enthusiast. He also sells tairings or even complete machines modified to his own ideas. Paul Dunstall might be called a customizer. although this has come to mean someone who sprays paint on a machine in strange patterns, and he is much more than that. We will come back to the custom scene after taking a brief look at a great person who died in 1979. He was Harry Weslake, who was by no means exclusitely con- fined to motorcycles in his work btit as a wiIard with cylinder heads did wonders for all kinds of engine. His father worked foi a firm ofgas engineers in the west of England. and Harry had the idea of borrowing a gas-meter tester to measttie gas flow in and out of a cylinder head. From this simple basic idea his whole theory and practice of how to lay out a cylinder head and vnlycs evolved. and his work was incorporated in many of the great motorcar engines. He worked on motorcycles too. and produced a special carburetor for them. the Wex. about 1920. and worked for Sunbeam and A13 as a consultant He would never be any- one‘s employee. His greatest sue ss in the two-wheel iyorld was to produce the four-valye sing] cylinder spceii ., ertginc iihich is now the one to beat. about ()0 years after his first timing experi- ments. Customizing. the art or science of chopping bits otl' motor» cycles adding things on. and doing them up \\'llh :i _i.i//y paint job. is largely an Ameiican preoccupation which has not caught on to the same extent in Britain, This applies in the eat world. where it is Very much a minority cult not known to the average driver unless he visits one otthc annual shows or buys the magaA line devoted to the s‘ubjccl. But in the United States, particularly in California where the crazes always seem to originate. it is big business. with its own language. customs, meetings. dress. and workshops iyhcre ||1c Mnmniu .«nd ("Nummnq m transformation scenes take place on almost Cinderella lines. making a bicycle into a pumpkin or anything else the customer fancies The 'chopper’ craze did cross the Atlantic to put on the roads hardly rideable motor bikes with extended front forks. high—rise 'ape' handlebars. and all the other gimmicks like leather fringes dangling. Perhaps the European or Japanese machine does not lend itsell‘as well to the switch as the big Harleys and Indians. The moi enient began as American motorcyclists tried to lighten their big machines to compete \\ith the neuly-imported British bikes which were much lighter and therefore faster. The first step was to discard as much as possible. At this (“1107th l950>the two types ofmacliine. European and American. were poles a t. The American rider. it‘ he wanted to save weight. could discard his footboards for footrests. dish the panniers. windshield. wide handlebars. crash bars and a few other nonessenti' fit: . alter fuel tank and wheels and seat. and cut down on the mud guarding. 'Chopping‘ or 'bobbiiig’ produced its 0““ pop art. the leader being Dai id Manning (or Dave Mann) \\ ho “(irked for Ed 'Big Daddy" Roth. .1 leader in the 'funny~painting' business. first on cars and later on bikes. The more extreme machines were illegal on the road atid used only for shows. and in the United States some statesl ’slated to keep even more of them ofi the road by regulating seat and handlebar height and steering layouts, The Harley-Davidson. which to a degree started the \ihole thin_ in competition with the imported European machines. gave way after a long reign to the Japanese superbikes and the second generation of ’cafe’ racers‘ which look the part but iiill not neces- sarily go farther than the anl cofi'ee-shop or transport cafe down the road. It is all show and no go compared with the serious riding world of the road racer or those ln\Ui\'Cd in any form of motor- cycle competition Riders compete for the jazziest paint job. the most chrome. the most nay-out look. DitTerent types how their own names: bobbedjob. street digger. low rider. chopped hog. Latest influence has been from the world ofthe dragster. and although the true drag bike could not be ridden legal], on the road. there are derii atiies which are legal but have near-racing performance. The whole mm ement is an American specialty. The British sprint racers. like the late George Brown with his Vincent ’Nero.' were interested only in how fast they could go. not the color of the paint. The climate may have an influence. as riding on a Californian-style chopper with no mudguards does not have much appeal in a European winter. A more strongly-supported movement in Britain was behind the settoterrmounted gangs known as Mods. who fought street battles in seaside towns with Rockers or Greasers who were motorcycle mounted. Their scooters. \ehicles regarded with con- tempt by bikers. were ornamented along the lines ofthe American ctistoiiii7ed motorcycles. and adorned uith rows of spot lights. This parallels one Harley Da\idson in the United States which is said to carry IOOO lights of various kinds. An aspect of the motorcycling scene which has affiliations with custominng is the world ol‘drag racing. which began in America in the 1040s and crossed the Atlantic about 20 years later. This was another Californian fad u hich has spread. applied initially to cars and later to bikes as well. Some of the creations hate to be seen to be beliei ed. and they now reach terminal speeds at the end ofthe quarterrmile in the region ot‘ZOOmph, achieved injust under eight seconds. There are not many rules. although in the United States the rider m y not Use a car engine in a motorcycle except with a hike is: lit l-iirope this does not apply and MGB engines among others have been seen: in the United States there is a six- liter Chevrolet VS-engined bike. but it is not eligible to race and is used for demonstrations only by builder E .l Potter. otherwise knoun as the Michigan Madman. The idea is to cover 440 yards as fast as possible fromzt standing start. the riders running in pairs side by side against the clock. Nowadays there are even rules and classes. with a limit of3500cc for unsupercharged machines and two liters for the blown jobs. There are further subdivisions into production machines in road trim and Pro Street (American terminology) or Pro Stock (Euro- pean) which run on pump fuel but are tuned. and specials built for dnigging. called competition bikes. which may run on dope or gasoline. This becomes confusing. as those running on nitro- mcthane or some similar brew smelling like burnt boot polish are called ‘t'uel bikes' and those on gasoline are 'gassers.‘ There are also subdivisions by engine capacity. All the dragsters tend to be long with a wheelbase of five feet or sometimes much tnore if they htne two or three engines. and may put out 200 or 250 horsepower. They are also kept low and ground hugging with not too much in the way of creature com- forts for the rider. All kinds of engines are used. and at one time the Norton motorcycle gearbox was popular. More recent de- velopments call for a slipper clutch. which works like the old 'trafiic clutch' with progressively less slip as speed rises from take- off. and a two»speed transmission. probably made from a car overdriie unit. The field of drag racing is one of the few in which there is still scope for the amateur engineer to do his own thing. and he cer- tainly does. experimenting with all kinds of options. Some riders do without gears and rely upon progressively less slip between tire and road to raise the gearing as the speed rises. The machine only has to hold together for less than t0 seconds. which leaves room for cutting down margins. Rear tires which do the driving are treadless slicks up to 12 inches wide. and part of the entertainment for the spectators is watching the riders do a 'burn-out' to warm the tire and make the rubber sticky before the start of their run. They press the front wheel against the nearest truck or immovable object. engage gear. and spin the rear wheel. throwing out clouds of smoke. A refine- ment is a ‘rolling burn-out' when the rear tire sits in a pool of water or fuel and is spun until it sets it alight if it is fuel. This is done on the stan line just before take-ofi". The two competing riders face a Christmas tree of colored lights on a pole one below the other. which light up in turn. When the green comes on it is ‘go.’ but if anyone ijps the start a red light comes on and the run is aborted. The Christmas tree sits between the two racing lanes and riders sit with gear engaged and clutch held out waiting for the green light. In America it is a money-spinning business for the competitors. but much less so in England. where there are four major strips. at Santa Pod in Bedfordshire. on an old airfield. at Sili‘erstone (another airfield). at Snetterton in Norfolk. and Huddersfield in Yorkshire. Santa Pod is the home of the British Drag Racing Association and the most popular venue. At one time the aim was to beat 10 seconds. then nine and then eight. The Michigan Madman did 8.8 seconds elapsed time and ISOmph. but this did not count and wasa demonstration. Another American. Larry Welch. did 7.9 seconds and close to 200mph using hydrogen peroxide in a rocket-powered device. Russ Collins. a Los Angeles tuning wizard. used three Honda en_ es each of llOOcc in his $21,000 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe which did % _ Mechanics amt ( Ilslltlltillllg 17.x Anothercompetitoratt lntllanapolti. Nth thewtdc hack slick and N“ big mm. 7.86 seconds and l78mph. In I976 he went end-over-end and destroyed the projectile. but survived somewhat battered. In Britain times have generally been slower. except for Alf Hagon who ran his JAP V twin of llttOoc at 9.2 seconds in 1968. faster cans at that time. enson from California used two Norton Com- mando engines with a slipper clutch and twoopeed transmission in his Hogsl 'er in l973 to record 7.93 and |76mph. and on another occasron l84mph. Another American. Danny Johnson from North Carolina. where he has a speed shop. ' 'ted England in 1973 and ran 9.28 at Santa Pod in a single-engined Harley. showmg a terminal léOmph. The English giant-killer is Brian Chapman. who runs a singch cylinder Vincent Comet dating back to I‘JSI and has shown 9.07 seconds and 154mph. His machine has semielliptic car-type leaf springs running back from the gearbox to small wheels behind the machine to prevent him from flipping on take-off. When he could not find a suitable cam for his engine he made one himself. not an easy job. His approach is typical of the English riders who have to make do The American Danny Johnson can pick up S300 for running standard-looking Harley tn demonstrations. since this wolf in sheep‘s clothing has a racing engine and can get under nine seconds. He has a spare bike as standby. a luxury unknown to the British riders. even those in the bolt-on accessory business Wthl’l they sell to others. A popular British engine for dragging was the 750 Triumph Twin. now outclassed by some later power plants. but Keith Parnell‘s Range Er Nair thh a blown Triumph running on dope put up some good times. Some people such as John Hobbs. one of Europe‘s fastest. have used two Triumph Twins in one frame. He later moved onto two Weslake engines. supercharged. and ran 8.47 seconds and l73mph. Another Briton. Keith Parnell. ran 8.93 seconds with a blown 750cc Triumph. the lirst to get under ninc seconds with less than l000cc This American sport has spread to many other countries. and one of the keenesi scenes is in Holland. always a motorsport- oriented country. Henk Vink. the Kawasaki importer. rides his own machines and has shown l).00 seconds and l60mph on a blown 975cc machine. In England John Cheadle ran a 350cc Yamahaiu midget by drag standards ito good limes against the big monsters. No doubt times will go down even more as the riders think up new tricks. but machines are already much faster than anything one can buy to run over the quarter-mile. by more than one-third on elapsed time. Although British and American dragsters do not meet very often. there is an annual event in which the roud»raeing stars of both countries come together. This is the Anglo-American Trans- atlantic Series which began 197] as a promotional idea for BSA, 1 ______ ”#4., ,. W. . , an...“ ‘ . ,...._.,_A__.A __A.u___ 'Q\ 4‘ ii \ GLOSSARY \ I /k\ .x \ I '5 I ‘ \\ ‘ Absolute Track Record Fastest lap of a circuit. on two wheels or four. by any driver in any size ot‘ machine. Absorption silencer A type oi~ silencer which functions by the use of sound» absorbi _ material in an expansion cham- ber a ith .i perforated tube running through it. Abutment A stop to limit wheel lock. or. on the end ota control cable. to locate the outer covering. AC Alternating Current as produced by an alternator. as opposed to Direct Cur- rent from it dynamo. Accelerator Either (l) the throttle pedal ofa car whose function is taken over by the twist-grip ot'a motorcycle. or (2] a chemi- cal added to the resin in making fiberglass to speed up setting. Accelerator pump A device in a car- buretor which squirts neat fuel when the throttle is opened to richen the mixture temporarily. Acetylene A gas formerly used for motor« cycle lighting. produced by pouring water on calcium carbide. Also used in cylinders mixed with oxygen for welding Acoustic pillar A pillar linking cooling fins on the cylinder head or barrel to damp d()\\n ringing noises. ACU Auto Cycle Union. which controls most types ofmotorcycle sport in Britain. Additive A chemical mixed with lubri- cating oil in manufacture to prevent foam- ing. sludging. corrosion. or other ill effect. Adjustable engine pulley The first method ofvarying gear ratios. by changing belts on it movable pulley whose diameter could be changed. Advanced ignition lgnition timing set so that firing occurs before the piston reaches top dead center. Variation. once by hand lever, is now automatic. Air bottle Compressed air in a cylinder used by trials riders to rcinflate tircs after a climb or muddy section. Air cooling. Most motorcycles rely on air cooling to the atmosphere rather than “tater-cooling as in car practice, Air filter A filter to prevent abrasive par- ticles entering the carburetor. vi liicli can be of fabric. felt. gauze. or paper. Ai take Thecurburetorportithichad- mits air to be mixed with fuel from the float chamber. Air lever Replaces the choke for cold starting used on car engines. and cuts down the air supply until an engine is warm. Air-lint: A hose supplying compressed air from a compressor used to inflate tires or for cleaning parts in a workshop Alloy A metal which is a mixture ofmore than one metal. usually aluminum and something else. Alternator The alternator has replaced the dynamo on modern engines. and pro- duces alternating current to recharge the battery. Amal A British make of carburetor. AMCA Amateur Motor Cycle Associa- tion. which promotes off-road events in England. Apehanger Handlebars with an exagger- ated rise as on chopper machines. APMC The Association of Pioneer Motor Cyclists which was formed in I928. Aquaplaning A condition in which a film of water hits a wheel from the road and control of braking and steering are lost. Armature The central core ofa magneto. dynamo. or other device which rotates in a magnetic field to produce current. Armco Crash barriers made by an Ameri- can company. much used around motor- ractng circuits Artillery wheel Originally a wooden viheel as on guns, used also to describe some car and motorcycle wheels with heavy spoking. Aspect ratio In a tire, the ratio of the height of the wall to the width ot' the tread expressed as a percentage. ATD Automatic timing device Consistmg of weights and springs acting like ti gramw isle of Man. England roumi Troph) \1mmlam circuit J7 75 “11le t-im held 1907 Iliyrkrnheim, tannin, (itimait (irtllltl rm ()pcnt'tl my. ichiiilt l97il 4 22 mics in“ tit-iii my on .'\\u\ t'nmn ( Ht’ulh mi phone governor to adjust ignition advance to speed Auto Cycle Club The original goieining body or motorcycle Sport \thich became the Auto Cycle Union in 1907 [t be ' 1903. Automatic inlet talte Forerunner ot the mechanically operated mite. “orked by the suction ot‘ the engine Autoitheel A self-contained uttit ot‘ en» gine and \\ heel which clipped onto a pedal cycle at the back. BA British Association. a line thread used on vt. small scrc\\s mostly in el trieal or instrumetit work. \\ith si/es de- noted by numbers. Back marker A rider who has fallen be- hind the rest ot'the field and has to be over- taken by the faster riders iii a motorcycle race. Back plate The plate on which btnke operating gear is mounted iii a drum brake Back pressure Pressure “hich budds up in a silencing system and absorbs engine power Baffle Plate in a silencer or fuel tank to reduce noise in the first case and mo\ ement of fuel in the second Ball joint A joint nith a ball moving to a socket tlike a human JOIHU to giie “ide degree of articulation Balloon tires Soft-running tires of wide section and lo\\ pressure used for comfort on IOUI'CD. Bank A roii ot'eylitidets as those iii a V engine, BBC Bottom dead center: “hen the piston ts at the bottom tvfits stroke in an engine. Head The edc of Lt tite. ieitit'oteed by \\iie.\\hic1i10 ate» it on the rim and forms a seal lieadedicdgc tire Lsed before the \\ier- edge tire came in. with a rubber bead lormed in the (thing \thich loctilcd onto ti channel on the \\ heel rtnt. Bellmuuth A bell-shaped end to a pipe. either on the carburetor intake or the ex- haust pipe. Belt driie The tiny motorevcles \iere driien before chains arrived. by a belt of fabric or leather from engine or gearbox to rear wheel. Belt fastener Method 01‘ linking the ends of driiing belts on early machines with steel hooks and other patent contrivances. Bell rim brake These brakes used the belt pulley or a dummy one. pressing a shoe dtmn in the V. Bendk dtiie Method of operating a self- starter by flinging a pinion donn a shaft. to engage With the toothed tlyiihecl edge. Benzale Fuel retined from coal aitd mixed with n soline to allow a higher compres- sion ratio. usually on a 50750 basis. Bciel gear Bevel driie through bevel gears Vthieh turn the motion through 90 degrees is used for camshaft. mzignetos. or shall drive to the rear wheel. BHP Brake horsepower. a measure of the output titan engine One horsepotier is needed to lift 33.0001b one foot in one minute. Big entl The hearing at the lo\\er entl of the conneeting rod where itjoins the crank pin. Bing A German make ol'carburetot. used by BMW among others Binks An early make of carburetor de- signed b_\ C Binks around 1903. who also built motorcycles. Black flag Used to Signal to a competitor in a race that he must retire. usually due to a dangerous fault in his machine. Black icc InviSible ice on a black-top toad. Blip A burst of throttle. usually when gear-changing. Came from early aviation usage. Blair-by Compression escaping past the rings in a vtom engine. Blower A supercharger. or pump giving forced induction; a compressor. Blair-off Valve A valve set to open at a predetermined pressure. usually in a super- charged engine. BMCRC British Motor Cycle Racing Club. founded in 1909 and still going strong. BMEP Brake mean ell~ ve pressure. a way of measuring the power pushing the piston. BMF British Motorcycle Federation. a group of nonsporting clubs. Bobiteight Attached to the crankshaft to balance out the forces of the piston and con-rod. Boost The amount of pressure applied by a supercharger. expressed in pounds. Bore The diameter ofa cylinder. usually in millimeters. Bore/stroke ratio The ratio of cylinder diameter to stroke. square ilthey are equal, oversquare if the bore exceeds the stroke. Bouden cable A control cable enclosed in an outer casing. used for throttle. air-slide. clutch. front brake. and so on. Bus spanner (wrench) A tubular wrench with a hexagonal end or ends with holes for a Tommy bar. Now largely superseded by the socket set. Brazing A form of welding used on brass and similar metals. Breather Orifice or pipe for the escape of fumes from the crankcase or gearbox. Bridge Metal barriers across the window ol‘a two-stroke port to pre\en( the piston rings catching as they pass. Bridlenay A track open only to horses. Broach Cutting tool for making holes. not bydrilling but by a thrusting action. Brooklands Motor Course The world‘s first purpose-built motor speedway with a banked circuit. Opened near London 1907. Closed l939. Brooklands silencer More commonly called the Brooklands n. this was obli- gatory to silence a racing engine at the Surrey track. Brush A citrrent pick-up made ofcarbon. usually oblong. rubbing on an armature Brush gear The carbon brushes and their holders plus electrical connections which pick up Current from a commutator. BSF British Standard Fine. a thread formerly widely used before international standards were agreed. BTH British Thermal Unit. a heat unit enough to raise one pound of water one degree Farenheit. Burn—Dill Dragster‘s trick to heat up a me before making a timed run. Achicied by pressing the machine against a solid object while driving the rear wheel. Bush A plain bearing usually pressed in place. vtithout rollers or balls. Butterfly A throttle control which varicx ihe amount of gas passing by pivoting in the passage Button stick Application of the army button-cleaning tool shaped like a [.2 used to support a piston uhile the barrel is lowered over it Calipers Fork bridging a brake disk and carrying pads and pistons, Also a measur- ing instrument. Cant A kidney-shaped device for open- ing and closing a valve. Cam follower As its name implies is in contact with the cam to transmit motion to the valve. Camshaft The shaft upon vihich the cam is mounted May be low down. high. or overhead. Capacitamr A large-capacity condenscr used in various applications in the elec- trical system. Capacity Motorcycles are classified by the cubic capacity of the engine. for ex- ample 500cc Carburetor DL‘VICC for producmg the air, fuel mixture of about 16'1 vihich is re- ll‘ic Anni \turk 2 Carburetor which l\ much "st-ti on motorcycles quired by internal combustion engines. Cardan shaft A shaft to replace the sec- ondary chain driving the rear wheel from the gearhox. Cat‘s eyes Reflective studs buried in the center of Ihe roadway or in the curbs to guide the driver/rider. May be various colors. CB Either (I) Contact breaker in the dis» tributort or (2) in the United States 7ens Hand radio which is illegal in Britain CC Cubic centimeter. a unit of measure- anL Chain case Covering protecting a chain from the weather. Chain driie Commonest form of drive from engine to gearbox (primary) and gear- box to rear wheel (secondary). Chain-link belt Used before chai s in motorcycle drive with pulleys. and in other applications. Chain guide A guide to keep a slack chain in line with the sprockets, Chair A racing sitlecar. Charge (1) The fuel air mixture sucked into a cylinder. or (2} current applied to a battery from a dynamo or alternator Checkered flag A black-andrvvhite Chessr hoard flag which denotes the end iifa race Itv Custellet. ham French Grand Priv magma by Paul Ricard 3 hl mllm Fint held 19:0 2| L: Vans Circuits \.iry ,issm. tlnlliind ”ltk‘h (irand Pm vim |)|i;nll\L‘ L iiciiit Rebuilt 19.. 4 7% miles lil’sl held IUZ‘ Cheesehead A type Ofscrctv with a cylin- drical head. Chopper A ittoturcyclc with extended front forks fancy paint and plating. and Apehaitg r handlebars Circlip A circular clip to hold a com- ponent. for example a gudgeon pin. in position by slotting into groot es Cloris A forked yoke \\'ith a pin through used to couple rods. often in brake s} stem» c utauay lrtutnph single-clutch Clutch A friction connection between en- gine aitd gearbox alloui progressite take-up and controlled by it handlebar lever. C of (2 Center ofgraui}. Collet Alternatiyc to a ciiclip for secur- ing one component to another. sometimes made in am huh es. used in \alvc gear. Combustion chamber The area betueen piston and cylinder head \\ here the fuel air mi\ture is comprcs -d and tired. Conttttutatur The pick-up area of an armature, consisting of copper segments insulated from each othei. Cuntpressinit ratio The degree of come pression of the fuel air iiiivtu -. that is the sum of the cubic capacity (swept volume) and the cylindcr head space related to tlte iatter alone Compressor Another name for a super- charger which forces the charge into the engine. Concours d’Elegance A contest for the best-looking machine Connecting rod The rod clamped to the crankshaft at one end and the piston at the other. Contact breaker A contact set which brca s the low-tension Cerull and induces a high-tension current to the spark plug. Cranhcase Thc casing which encloses the crankshaft and its attachments Cranked link Enablesa chain to be short- cried by halfzi link owing to its construc- tion. Crankpin The shaft \\ htch carries the big— end bearing. Crankshaft The shaft which converts the up-and-doun motion of the piston into rotary motion. Crimping Clamping an clectricaljoint by squashing. Cross talve A rotary \ alvc which doubles as billh inlet and exhaust in a four-stroke engine. Crown The mofofthc piston. Crown “heel Meshes with the smaller pinion to make up the final drive in a shaftv driven motorcycle Both are bevel gears. Cubic capacity The \olume of an engine measured by multiplying bore and stroke. Cuhic centimeter (cc) Metric measure used in expressing the volume ofztn engine. Cuhie inch Altematiie unit of measure ment ofengine capacity used in the United States. Customize To change or modify a ma- chine tvith paint. plating and gee-gans. Cycle thread A fine thread used in the manufacture nfcycles and motorcycles. Cylinder Contains the piston. is capped by the cylinder head and is the site of the explosion which provides power. Cylinder head Caps offthe cylinder at the top end (in a vertical engine) and carries the valves in a four-stroke engine. Damper Dei ice for slowing down move- ment. either in a suspension system or to balance a crankshaft. DC Direct Current. as produced by a dynamo and used to charge a battery. Deenrbonize To remove carbon formed by burning of fuel from the top end of an engine. Dell” 0er An Italian make ofcarburetor. Desaxé Art engine with the cylinder axis offset to slow down piston speed at top dead center and lengthen the stroke. Desmodromic Positive opening and clos- ing of valves without relying on springs for the closing. Diesel A compression-ignition engine in which the charge is fired without a spark by heat generated by high compression around 20:]. Invented by Dr Rudolph Diesel in 1892. Displacement The capaci y of an engine or amount of volume displaced by the moiement of the piston from BDC to TDC Distributor A gear-driven contact set in- side a housing (the cap) which sends high- tension current to a number of spark plugs, Dog A simple device for mating com- ponents by slotting a projection into a space. used in gearboxes with sliding pinions. DOHC Double overhead camshaft. Dope Fuel other than gasoline. made up of chemicals like methanol or methyl alcohol. Double knocker A double overhead cam- shaft engine as distinct from a single knocker with one camshaft for all valves. Dragster Motorcycle (or car) specially built for short sprints against the clock. Drift Either (I) to slide 1| corner. or (3) ti metal tool hit With it hammer, Druid forks An early type of motorcycle front forks. with coil springs and a mp link. Dry sump A lubrication system usmg [\U) oil pumps. one to supply oil to the bearings from a tank. the other to return it to the tank. Duralumin Ati alloy of aluminum. cop- pcrt magnesium. and manganese used itt small-end bushes Dykes ring A special type of piston i'ing \\hich is L-shaped and his close to the top of the piston. Dynamo A device to generate direct citr- rent to charge the battery. Superseded by the alternator. Dynamonieter An engine brake for incus» uring power output. Earle: forks An unusual front-fork de- sign ofmany years ago with a long leading link and a rigid pivot through both links behind the wheel. Electrolyte The fluid content ol'a batter). usually acid plus distilled Water. End float Endwise movement of a aft between bearings. Exhaust The system which carries burned gases away front the cylinder. Exhaust talie Valve “hich opens once every two revolutions to allow gases to escape Expansion Increase in volume due to heat. as in the fuel air mixture in the com- bustion chamber. Extractor Special tool for removingcom- poncnts mounted on a taper or keyway. Face joint A joint in which the parts meet metal-to-metal without the use ofa gasket. Fade Brakes which have been hard used \\'ill fade. or Cease to be effective, due to heat build-up. Feeler gauge Metal strip marked in thou- sandths of an inch for measuring gaps in valve gear and plugs fifth wheel A bicycle-type wheel towed behind a vehicle on test to measure dis— tance and speed. FIM Federation Internationale Motorr cycliste. which controls motorcyc e spoil worldwide. Fins -cooled engine to aid heat d Ribs added to a cylinder barrel iii an 'pation Fishtail exhau. side. Eithei‘t l ) a wide slotted end to an I'stemt or {2) sliding from side to Flame trap A bowl of game met an air int‘ *e to prevent a backfire spreading flames. Flathead A cylinder head with a flat sur- face. Flat twin An engine with two horivon- tally-opposed cylinders or four to make a Flat Four. Float A box of" brass or plastic which floats upon the fuel in a float-chamber and operates the needle-valve controlling the fuel. Float chamber That part ofthe carburetor which houses the float and the fuel await- ing use. Floating gudgcon pin A pin free to turn in the piston, Flowmetcr A device for measuring the rateal which fuel is consumed by an engine. Flywheel A heavy wheel attached to the crankshaft which smooths out the inter- mittent firing impulses and aids low run- ning. Footprint The impr on which a tire makes upon the road through us contact patch. Footrest A rest for a rider's foot. now often called a peg. Four-stroke An engine operating on the Otto cycle as opposed to a twtirstrttkc Friction driic An early form of tliive in- volvtng disks in contact in place of chains and gears Full-flow filter A filter in the main stream Jarama. Spain Spanish tmntl Pm mm at INCH” 1 I6 mum hm held ham World wttri st xitmuutch Part rucum ttltt'tltt’tlk' Masparlt Canada (‘ttn‘i . ( nndl’tn Animal uruni 15‘) tnilex Fltsl held W67 SDI/ltururlng, town:- [\ustntttl (tuna Pm Amt at min 2 64 m. ts first light l‘)7l of the Oil “OW as opposed to a by-pass lillcr. Fume naive A nay of scaicnging the crankcase ofa four-stroke \tith induction suction. Gaiter Formcrhusedfortirevrcptiiymon' more commonly a sleew to em er mating parts. Gasket A itasher of paper. oiled fabric or rubber. or copper and asbestos put bee l\\t.'L‘n [no metal faces. to proiide a gas- tight seal Gas seals Used in too-stroke engines to seal the crankcase around the main bear- ings, Gear Eithert l i a toothed \\ heel or pinion. or 12) riding CiOihlng. Gearbfly A casing containing trains of pinion wheels which an be moved to pro- \ide alternatiie ratios. : ' Gear rati s Differential rates of speed betnecn sets of pinions to provide higher or loner rotation rates of the rear wheel in relation to the engine. Girder forks Early form of front suspen- sion tiith a single spring and links at the top. GP Grand Prix. an international motor- cycle [or car) race to a fixed formula. Grinding paste A paste of carborunduin used to grindan valves on their seats. Grommet A rubber hung to fill up an un- wanted hole. perhaps hoilovt to contain a cable or wire Guarantee Also called a \\ rantv. ti is issued by a manufacturer b' king his pro- duct against faults for a speeilied time or mileage. Gudgeon pin A steel shaft which joins the piston to the connecting rod .it |i\ little end. Hairpin spring A \ariety of \alie spring shaped like a hairpin llaif~ei|iptic A spring forming halfofan ellipse. Halftime pinion Pinion driting the came shaft from the crankshaft at half spced. Heading Mounting of the steering col» utnn to the frame tubes by a forging or casting. Head steady Bar from cylinder head to frame to steady the engine against vibra- tion and torque, Herringbone gears Gears formed in a herringbone pattern to make them quieter running High camshaft A camshaft mounted high up on the engine to shorten the pushrods in an ohr formation. Hori7ontal engine An engine with hori- zontal cylinders. which maybe opposed. Horsepower A measure of engine power. enough to raise 33.0001b one foot in one minute. Hot-tube ignition Used before electricity. it consisted of a tube projecting into the cylinder and externally heated to fire the charge. Hub-center steering Steering frotn either end ofthe axle as on the Nor-afar. Hundredneight imperial weight measure of 1121b. shortened to cwt. Hunting tooth A way of avoiding wear in gears by adding a tooth to one wheel so that the me onesare not constantly mesh- ing \\ ith each other. Hydrometer An instrument for measur- ing the specific gravity of battery acid to determine state ofcharge. idler gear One gear put between two others to transmit drive without affecting the ratio impeller A putnp to assist water circula- tion in an engine indicated horsepower Power measured at the piston which does not allow for losses iii an engine. induction The sucking-in of fuel/air mix- ture by an engine. lntertcd tooth A chain with projecting teeth which fit into recesses in the sprocket. 10E Inlet over exhaust. or common ar- rangement with an overhead inlet and side exhaust. lSDT The international Six Days Trial. an annual event oflong standing. Keihin A Japanese make of carburetor. Kneeler A sidecar outfit on which the rider kneels in troughs rather than sitting on a saddle. Land The face ofa piston between the grooves for the rings. layshaft The secondary shaft ofa gear- box. parallel with the main shaft, and carrying some of the gears. Leading link Variety of front suspension with the pivot behind the axle. Leading shoe A brake shoe with the pivot end ahead ofthe cam end in terms ofdrurn rotation. Leaf spring Spring consisting of metal blades clamped and bolted together. used years ago in suspension. Lean-out A way of setting up a sidecar with the machine leaning out ofthe vertical. Liner A sleeve inserted inside a cylinder. Little end The small and of the connect- ing rod where it joins the piston. Lobe The projecting part ofa cam out- side the Cireular form. Low-tension magneto An early device be- fore the use of high tension. with points inside the cylinder. LPA Light pedal assistance. used with early machines to help the engine. )lag-Dyno A magneto and dynamo com- bined in one to supply spark and charge. Magneto in effect a high-tension dynamo producing current for the ignition spark. Now superseded by coil ignition. l\ ain bearings The hearings in which the crankshaft runs. Mainshait Usually the principal shaft in a gearbox. Manifold Collection of pipes which sup- ply-mixturetinductionjor take away fumes (exhaust). Master cylinder The cylinder which sends fluid to the wheel cylinders l0 operate the brakes. Master rod Main connecting rod in a V or radial engine which carries the auxilary rods. MBC Miniature bayonet cap. a t) pe and size of bulb holder. MCC The Motor Cycling Club. formed in [902. which runs sporting events. Mechanical efficiency The relation ofthe nominal brake horsepower of an engine to its actual output. Megaphone An exhaust pipe silencer shaped like a megaphone. which improves efficiency. Mesh Either (I) the fit of teeth together. or (2) a woven grid of material. Mikuni A Japanese make of carburetor. Mixing chamber That part of a carbur‘ etor where the fuel and air are united. Moped A light motorcycle ofunder 30cc with pedals attached. Near side The lefthand or curb side look» ing from the saddle. Negatiie earth Wiring system with the negative side of the circuit earthed to the chassis. Observed section A section of a trial where points are lost for touching the ground wrth a foot. Octane Method ofmeasurlng the knock- resrstancc ofgasoline on a scale of l to lot). OHC Overhead camshaft. either single or double. OHV Overhead valve engine. Oil bath A case covering a c ain to keep out dirt and provide lubrication. Oil pump A pump which delivers oil to the engine and circulates it. ()il thrower A scroll. ring. or platc shaped to throw oil away from a particular area, Otto cycle The four-stroke cycle perpetu- ated by Dr Nicolas Otto in 1876 in his gas engine. Outside flywheel The ‘bacnn slicer' type of flywheel mounted visibly outside the crankcase. Overhead cam An engine with an over- head camshaft or Camshafts operating its valves. Overhead valve A valve mounted in the cylinder head. Overlap The period during which both valves in an engine (inlet and exhaust) are open at the same time. Oversquare An engine in which the bore is greater than the stroke. Paul A sprag, as in a flywheel, which allows rotation in one direction only. or holds a rack in position as on a car hand- brake. Phased piston An extra piston in a two- stroke engine used solely for force feeding the engine. It has its own separate bore. P rim A type of oil pump with double action, both supply and scavenge. Pinchholl A bolt which squeezes parts together, for example to close a handlebar clip for a control. Pinion The small gear in a pair. for ex- ample crown wheel and pinion. or any toothed wheel. Pinking Distinctive ‘pinging‘ noise from an engine with over-advanced ignition or inferior fuel. Piston The component which is driven down the cylinder by expanding gases Pistun boss That part ofthc piston which is built up to carry the gudgeon pin. Piston slap Knocking HOISC caused by wear. or a loose fit for racing. as the piston changes direction. Pitch The distance between the rollers of a chain. l Daytuna. United SIZIIK ‘ Daylona 2w New Speedway built 1959 l 3 87 miles 1 l-irst held m7 on natural circuit Below, [he generally used trochtudul rotor pump Bottom: This slmple gear-type pump u less efficient and not used oflcn. Planetary gear A gcai ing system in which planet wheels retohe round a central suit \\ heel. Mostly found in lttllt)n\;\llC car ti'2iiisitii.sions. Plenum chamber An e\tra ieserroii' lb! fuel or gas to help feed tin engine. Plunger A component which mmcs up and donn in a tube like a piston. for ex ample In It tin: pump. l’oeketing (‘ontlition altei Valves lune been ground in man) llIHCs so that the) sink out ol‘sight, l’nppct who A ltlltprsl’lllpt'tl \1tllt: on .i stein as used in most lourrsllnk engines. Pnrt An opening. for C\llll‘tplt,' an inlet oi e\haust port leads to the \a|\e. l’ositiie earth System \\l|l’l the posiiiie pole earthed to the frame of the machine. Pust-iintage .-\ intttttrctclc made alter 31 December l930 and before I January l945 Pro-ignition Ignition caused not b) the spark but by a hot spot May keep a suitched-ofi' engine still itinning. Other- \\ise called ‘di elling‘ Pre»lo:td tension orcompi esston applied to ii spring heroic assembl} Pressure plale The plate against \tliich the clutch springs react to load the friction plates. Primary chain The chain l'iom engine to g bo\ Primary current Aiiothei name for the lo\\ tension current “hit-h induces the l’tlghelcnfltm spark Prim-art filter ()llicruisc a sump fillet. which guards the oil pump against picking tip debris I’ritnart gears lunction instead of the primary chain. Joining engine to gearbox. Priming each An aid to cold-starting on \‘t‘lct'lm engines. through \thich fuel could he initcterl. Printed circuit A i eplticement l'ora wiring harness. embossed into soft insulating mar terial. l’ropstand A leg \5 Inch swings down from one side (ii. a machine to prop it up. PSI Pounds per square inch. used in measuring tire and other piessures. Push-rods Operating rods for overhead \ultes. uorking from cains below the cylinder. Quadrant A segment of a c' teeth. as used in a kick ‘lurt mechi Quarter elliptic A spring ntatlc up of lea\cs in a qtiarlcrwllipsc. used in early suspensions. Quill-shalt A hollott shalt ol‘ten used to carry lubricant. Rad'ator Consists ol' tubes ot ilouing water to extract \\ uste heat from the engine. Rake The angle of slope of the stceiing head or toilits Rain efl'eet A simple foiin ol~ 'supcr~ charging' tlslng tllc uind pressure caused by thc machine's progress. Ratchet A quadrant OI bar with angled teeth to take a pan] to limit movement to one direction. Ratio Relation ot'one item to another. as in gear rziiio, expressed against unity. Reach Depth ui'st-eiiun. as m spark-plug holes. ot long. medium. or short reach. Reed talte A valt'c like that in musical inSlrunients. opened by pressure or suc» tion. used in trio-stroke engines at high speed, Register Locating dowels or surfaces make one component ‘regisler‘ with another in assembly Relay An electrical switch working oil a light current which triggers a heaVIer switch turning lieuty current. as in a headlight circuit. for horns. or starter ntotor. Retard Set the ignition ‘back‘ so that the spark occurs jUst before TDC. Excessive ict: d c uses oierheating. The spark is then said to be ‘latc.~ from the Frcnch ‘retardfi Rewrse cone A megaphone exhaust with a reverse cone reduces diameter in the final inches. Revolution counter General misnomer for a tachometer. usually shortened to ‘rev counter.‘ Rocker A pivoted lever much used in valve-gear operation through rocker arms. Rocker bo\ The casing holding or cover- ing the rocker arms of the valve gear. on an oht engine. Rocker oil feed A: its name implies, a supply ol‘ oil to the valve gear, at relatively low pressure. Roller bearing A hearing using rollers in- stead of balls. confined in cages on pre» pared tracks. RON Research octane number. a rating ur the knock rcsl‘ ancc or it fuel Rotary \alte A valve driven from the cum hat! for inlet or cxha 't for either two or tiui'«str